1. Colonial Latin America
How did Portugal and Spain profit from their colonies in Latin America?
Chapter Intro 3

2. The BIG Idea
Competition Among Countries Portugal and Spain reaped profits from the natural resources and products of their Latin American colonies.
Section 3-Main Idea

3. Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary peninsulares creoles mestizos
mulattoes
mita
Academic Vocabulary
labor
draft
Section 3-Key Terms

4. People and Places
Brazil
Juana Inés de la Cruz
Section 3-Key Terms

5. Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.)
In the 1500s, Portugal controlled Brazil, while Spain’s colonial possessions included parts of North America, Central America, and most of South America.
The area of Central and South America became known as Latin America, and a unique social class system emerged.
Colonial Latin America to 1750
Section 3

6. Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.)
Colonial Latin America Social Order:
Peninsulares: Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe; they held all important government positions.
Creoles: Descendants of Europeans who were born in Latin America; they controlled business and land.
Mestizos: The offspring of European and Native American intermarriage.
Section 3

7. Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.)
Mulattoes: The offspring of Africans and Europeans.
Conquered Native Americans and enslaved Africans.
Section 3

8. Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.)
Europeans utilized the Native Americans as labor. They used the encomienda system and mita to sustain a viable labor force.
Gold and silver from the colonies offered immediate wealth to the Europeans. Products, such as tobacco, sugar, and animal hides were traded to Europe in return for finished products.
Section 3

9. Colonial Empires in Latin America (cont.)
To control their colonial possessions in the Americas, Portugal and Spain used governor-generals to develop a bureaucracy and carry out imperial policies.
Catholic missionaries were also instrumental in converting and maintaining order within the colonial territories.
The Catholic Church provided an outlet other than marriage for women. Many nuns like Juana Inés de la Cruz, urged convents to educate women on subjects beyond religion.
Section 3

10. Section 3-End

11. EARLY EXPLORATION of West Africa, India, and the Americas
Motivated by religious zeal, gold, and glory, Europeans began to explore distant lands.
The Portuguese sailed east around Africa to India.
Spanish ships sailed west to the Americas.
Spanish conquistadors seized lands ruled by the Aztec and Inca.
Diseases introduced by Spanish explorers killed much of the Native American population.
By the late 1600s, the Dutch, French, and English entered the rivalry for new lands and trade.
VS 1

12. AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE of Europe, Asia, and the Americas
Before the new exploration, the primary market for enslaved Africans had been Southwest Asia.
The demand for plantation laborers in the Americas greatly increased slave trade.
Enslaved Africans were part of the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and Asia, and the Americas.
In Africa, the slave trade led to increased warfare, depopulation, and the deterioration of society.
VS 2

13. COLONIAL EMPIRES of Latin America
The Portuguese and Spanish profited from their colonial empires in Latin America.
Peninsulares were the top social class, followed by creoles, mestizos and mulattoes, and finally enslaved Africans and Native Americans.
Catholic missionaries spread across the Americas to try to Christianize Native Americans.
VS 3

14. VS-End

15. Figure 1

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18. Figure 3a

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26. conquistador
a Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Vocab1

27. encomienda
a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers
Vocab2

28. Columbian Exchange
the extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Vocab3

29. overseas movement or transport over the sea; land beyond the sea
Vocab4

30. percent
a part of a whole divided into 100 parts
Vocab5

31. colony
a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control
Vocab6

32. mercantilism
a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver
Vocab7

33. balance of trade
the difference in value beween what a nation imports and what it exports over time
Vocab8

34. subsidy
government payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity
Vocab9

35. plantation
a large agricultural estate
Vocab10

36. triangular trade
a pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa and Asia, and the American continents; typically, manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for enslaved persons, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe
Vocab11

37. Middle Passage
the journey of enslaved persons from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route
Vocab12

38. transportation
means of travel from one place to another
Vocab13

39. primary
most important
Vocab14

40. peninsulare
a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe
Vocab15

41. creole
a person of European descent born in the New World and living there permanently
Vocab16

42. mestizo a person of mixed European and Native American Indian descent
Vocab17

43. mulatto
a person of mixed African and European descent
Vocab18

44. mita
a labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work in the Spanish landowners’ silver mines
Vocab19

45. labor
people with all their abilities and efforts
Vocab20

46. draft
to select for some purpose; to conscript
Vocab21

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