1. Predicting Products: The Activity Series & Solubility Rules

2. Predicting Products of Single Displacement Reactions
The Activity Series:
…A way to determine whether a single displacement reaction will occur or not.

3. Calcium
Elements at the “top” are the most reactive and will always displace less reactive ones.
will replace
Magnesium
which will replace
Zinc
which will replace
Nickel
which will replace
Copper
which will replace
Gold, which loses to everyone else.

4. This is the activity series for metals 
most
active
This is the activity series for metals  F Cl Br I
But there is one for some non-metals as well 
least
active

5. We can use the activity series to
Predict Single Displacement Reactions:
Which of the following reactions will proceed:
CaCl Na →
Ni(SO4) + Sn →
MgBr2 + Cl2 →
Fe(OH)2 + Pb →

6. Predicting Products of Double Displacement Reactions:
The Solubility Rules:
…A way to determine the state symbols of the products of a double displacement reaction.

7. An Ionic Compound Dissolves: A Covalent Compound Dissolves:

8. What is Dissolving ?
When an ionic compound (eg salt) dissolves in water, the compound disassociates. (breaks apart into cations and anions)
Ex: Ca(NO3)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
When a covalent compound (eg sugar) dissolves in water, it does not disassociate. Molecules of the covalent compounds simply disperse due to attraction with polar water molecules.

9. Precipitates and Solubility Rules
When aqueous solutions of ionic compounds are poured together, sometimes an insoluble solid forms, called a precipitate.
“If you’re not a part of the solution, your part of the precipitate”

10. Which one is the precipitate?
NaOH(aq) + FeCl3 (aq) ® NaCl ( ) + Fe(OH)3 ( ) aq s
Which one is the precipitate?
for example:
The “Solubility Rules” or “Solubility Tables” say that Halides (F-, Cl-, Br-, etc.) are soluble, but most Hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble.
So, the solid must be Iron Hydroxide.
(aq) (s)

11. Solubility Rules
Alkali metals and and Ammonia (NH4+) compounds are soluble
Nitrates and Acetates are soluble
Halides are soluble, (Cl-, Br-, F-, I-)
except those of Ag+, Pb+2, and Hg2+2
Sulfates are soluble,
except those of Pb+2, Ba+2, Hg+2,and Ca+2

12. Solubility Rules (Con’t)
Most hydroxides are only slightly soluble (insoluble)
except NaOH and KOH
Sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates are insoluble.
Higher numbered rules win;
Na2S is soluble
because rule # 1 wins over rule # 6