2. Normal bone architecture

3. Early osteoporotic changes

4. Loss of trabeculation
Increased lacunar space

10. INVESTIGATIONS

11. Rule out other reasons ( Normal chemical parameters)
Only investigation available to measure bone mass is Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

12. PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC MEASURES

13. Increase bone mass at childhood
Avoid obesity
Exposure to sunlight
Encourage exercises
Calcium intake
Avoid certain medications

14. Daily Calcium Requirement
Children 600mg/day
Adolescents (growth spurt) 750mg/day
Adults 1g/day
Pregnant women, postmenopausal and patients with fractures 1.5g/day
Breast-feeding women 2g/day

15. How to prevent fractures
Avoid high strenuous activities
Walking aids
Slippery floors
Healthy bending habits