1. CHALLENGES FACING THE WORLD’S CITIES

2. Some statistical data (www.un.org_2014)
Today, 54 per cent of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66 per cent by 2050.
Tokyo remains the world’s largest city with 38 million inhabitants,
followed by Delhi with 25 million,
Shanghai with 23 million, and
Mexico City, Mumbai and São Paulo, each with around 21 million inhabitants.

3. Why cities? Why do you think are cities attractive
for people to live in?
What do cities offer people?

4. KEY WORDS urban areas X rural areas (adj) slum areas
squatter settlements
urbanization (n)
migrate (v)
migration (n)
economic opportunities (n)
developing (adj)
developed
under-developed countries

5. overpopulation (n)
resident (n): dweller
homeless (adj)
homelessness (n)
shelter (n)

6. prosperity X poverty (n)
being rich X being poor
inequality (n)
unequal (adj)
unemployment (n)
unemployed (adj)

7. Environmental Challenges
air pollution (n)
respiratory illnesses (adj)
heavy traffic (adj)
smart growth
environmentally smart cities

8. Target Vocabulary
beg (v) to ask for as charity to beg for help s/o’s forgiveness a favor He begged me for help. beggar (n)

9. bury (v) to place in the ground; cover with earth conceal, cover
The treasure was buried on the island.

10. cemetery (n) burial ground, graveyard
a cemetery for unknown or indigent people
There was a small cemetery just outside the town.

11. homeless (adj) displaced
The homeless became a problem in the large cities.
homelessness (n)

12. inequality (n)
All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others"
[George Orwell, Animal Farm]
A vicious circle of corruption leads to greater inequality which, in turn, facilitates greater levels of corruption.
unequal (adj)

13. offer (v) to present for acceptance or rejection give, invite
to offer a drink
a suggestion
work
He offered to take her home in a taxi.

14. poverty (n) The state of being poor, having little or no money
According to the data provided by the State Institute of Statistics, one fifth of the child population lives below the poverty line in Turkey.
(2013)

15. principle (n) a basic truth, law, or assumption
the principles of quantum theory
There exist certain fundamental principles of human rights.

16. respiratory (adj) relating to respiration
Upper respiratory infections are contagious and are spread from person to person.
respiration (n) the action of inhaling and exhaling, breathing

17. similar (adj) having qualities in common very much alike
Is there a similar proverb in Japan?
Your handwriting is similar to mine.
similarity (n)

18. tomb (n) A grave or other place of burial.
What is learned in the cradle is carried to the tomb.

19. unique (adj)
being the only one of its kind, distinct, special His paintings were so unique as to require no signature for identification.

20. victim (n) a person who suffers misfortune victims of war
victims of an epidemic
victims of poverty
‘You only get to be a victim once. After that, you are a volunteer.’