1. Mesopotamia and Egypt

2. Ancient Mesopotamia Timeline
B.C.-Emergence of Sumerian Cities
B.C.-Babylonian Kingdom
1780 B.C.-Code of Hammurabi
B.C.-The Hebrews
B.C.-Height of Persian Power

3. Mesopotamian Geography
Mesopotamian located at Eastern end of Fertile Cresent
Tigris and Euphrates flood often creating rich soil for crops
Developed ditches for irrigation
Open plane made area vulnerable to attack

4. Mesopotamia’s City States
Surrounded by walls built of mud brick
Temples most important building usually in center
Sumerians state based on a theocracy (lead by divine authority)
Economy based on farming, trade, and manufacturing.
3 classes: Nobles, commoners, and slaves.

5. Empires of Mesopotamia
2340 B.C. Akkadians led by Sargoin who sets up worlds first empire
1792 B.C. Babylonians led by Hammurabi take power.

6. Code of Hammurabi
Collection of laws for strict justice (eye for an eye)
Penalties depend on social class
Reflected a patriarchal society

7. Mesopotamian Religion
Polytheistic
(over 3000 gods)
Humans their to serve gods

8. Sumerian’s Creation Created cuneiform writing (wedge shaped)
Used for record keeping, teaching, and law
Gilgamesh-literature teaching of moral lesson
Other inventions: wagon wheel, numbers system (60), advancements in engineering and astronomy

9. Egyptians

10. Egyptian Geography
Civilization based around annual flooding of the Nile River (Over 4,000 miles)
Used Geographic barriers to protect them from invasion

11. Egyptian Religion Polytheistic Land gods / Sun Gods
Sun God was the lead god (Re or Atum)
Pharaoh referred to as sun of Re

12. Egyptian History
Divided into 3 major periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms
Begins with Menes around 3100 B.C.

13. Old Kingdom 2700-2200 B.C. Rulers become known as pharaohs
Absolute power
Take advice from family and Vizer
Pyramids built during this period, as well as mummification.

14. Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 B.C. (Golden Age)
Pharaohs now portrayed as shepherds of the people.
Middle kingdom ended by invasion of Hysksos of Western Asia.

15. New Kingdom 1567-1085 B.C. Period which Egypt created an empire
Pharaoh’s very wealthy
First female ruler comes during this time (Hatshepsut)

16. New Kingdom Continued
Akhenaton-tries to make Egyptians monotheistic (starts the decline of the Egyptian Empire
Tutankhamen-restores the old gods later
Ramses II (The Great) B.C. regains some of the empire but again would later collapse.
Cleopatra VII tries again later to restore empire but falls to the Romans.

17. Society and Daily Life Classes of society
Ruling Class-Pharaohs, nobles, and high priest
Merchants and priest
Peasants were laborers for the upper classes

18. Marriage Married young (arranged marriages)
Man the master: women took care of household including children’s education
Marriages could end in divorce with compensation for women
Women could be merchants, priests, and even pharaohs

19. Writing and Education Writing emerged around 3000 B.C. in Egypt
Hieroglyphics/Hieratic Script
Made advances in art, architecture, geometry, and medicine
Due to mummification learned a great deal about human anatomy
First to use splints, bandages, and compresses

20. Other Great Civilizations
Hittites-pastoral nomadic group known for use iron
Phoenicians-lived along the Mediterranean Coast
Known for ships, seafaring skills, and trading abilities
Also known for 22 letter alphabet later used by Greeks and Romans.

21. Civilizations
Israelites-( B.C.) main contribution religion of Judaism.
Assyrians-known for military prowess and use of iron weapons, disciplined army and calvary.
Persians-created an enormous empire. Set up their own complex gov. structure.

22. Ancient China
Or Old dishes

23. Geographic factors
Location-Virtually isolated by Gobi desert, Tibetan mountain plateau, and the Pacific ocean.
1/5 of land consists of coastal and river plains; 4/5 are mountains etc. Can’t grow food easily.
Rivers-Huang he(river of sorrow) and Yangtze-fertile lands.

24. Dynasties
Hsia or Xia-according to legend. Chinese began writing, silk, and casting bronze ( BCE)
Shang-oracle bones. Artistic bronze casting. Worshipped ancestors. ( BCE)
Chou or Zhou-Longest ruling dynasty. Intro of iron, written laws, and metal coins. Lao tse and Confucius. Mandate of Heaven and Dynastic cycle.( BCE)
(Warring states period)

25. Continued
Ch’in or Qin-Ruler was Shih huang ti. Created Great Wall of China to keep northern invaders out of China. Legalistic ethics. Standardized writing; Uniform legal code; Burned books. Ch’in = China. ( BCE)
Han-Centralized administration; bureaucracy tested; promoted confucianism; allowed Buddhism in; Expanded territory. Art, literature, science, and industry flourished. (206 BCE – 220 AD)

26. Contributions Art-bronze casting, jade statues. Architecture-pagodas
Weapons-crossbow
Farming-iron plowshare
Misc-silk, paper
Philosophy
literature

27. The Ancient India to English Dictionary has not been found yet
Early India
The Ancient India to English Dictionary has not been found yet

28. Interesting Information
Indus River valley was very fertile.
Flooded annually
Grew barley, wheat, dates, and melons.
Surpluses allowed for large cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa.
Public sewers and water supply
Cotton cloth
Planned Cities

29. THE END
Cannot read the writing of these people so no one knows why the civilization ended. Could have been from invasion, natural disaster etc.
Aryans will arrive and take over
History and culture revealed through religious teachings in Vedas.
Teachings of Vedas became Hinduism
Caste system created