1. Genetics: How we become who we are to be
Maria James

2. 1.17.12 Genetics bell ringer: pass coach p. 68-71
Connections—your family
Decode the terminology—what does it all mean?
Word wall cards—2-3 per unit.
Closure: q/a
Exit cards
SC Standard(s):
7-2.5 Summarize how genetic information is passed from parent to offspring by using the terms genes, chromosomes, inherited traits, genotype, phenotype, dominant traits, and recessive traits.
7-1.2 Generate questions that can be answered through scientific investigation.

3. SpongeBob genetics
1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho).
TT ___ Bb ___ DD ___ Ff ___ tt ___ dd _____
Dd ___ ff ___ Tt ___ bb ___ BB _____ FF ___
Which of the genotypes in #1 would be considered purebred? _______________________________
Which of the genotypes in #1 would be hybrids? ________________________________________

4. 2. Determine the phenotype for each genotype using the information provided about SpongeBob.
Yellow body color is dominant to blue.
YY ________ Yy ________ yy _________
Square shape is dominant to round.
SS ________ Ss _________ ss ________

5. 3. For each phenotype, give the genotypes that are possible for Patrick.
A tall head (T) is dominant to short (t).
Tall = _______ Short = ________
Pink body color (P) is dominant to yellow (p).
Pink body = ______ Yellow body = ______

6. List some family members with these common characteristics
trait
Who has it?
Brown hair
2nd toe longer than 1st toe
hitch-hikers thumb
widows peak
hair on middle knuckles
brown eyes
rolling tongue
attached or unattached ear lobes

7. Bell ringer
Offspring inherit genetic traits from their parents. These traits are passed on to the offspring in the genetic material from each parent. Many genes that cause these traits have dominant and recessive forms. – Under what conditions does an individual express a dominant trait from its parents? – Under what conditions does an individual express a recessive trait from its parents? 8 7 9 20 6 10 4 2 3
180 5 30
130
140 40
120 60 70 50
160
170
150 80 1
110
100 90
This screen will disappear in 3 minutes.
Seconds
Remaining.

8. Heredity
1. Offspring (new organisms or babies) may have the same physical characteristics, or traits, as their parents because genetic information (DNA) is passed from parent to offspring during sexual reproduction.

10. Chromosomes
2. Each sex cell (egg or sperm) of the parent organism (plant or animal) contains one-half of the genetic material needed to create a new organism.
3. Heredity is the passing of traits from one generation to another, or inheritance.
4. A structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains the genetic information (DNA).

11. Genes are…
5. A segment of DNA found on a chromosome that determines the inheritance of a particular trait.
6. Genes are responsible for the inherited characteristics that distinguish (separate) one individual from another.

12. 7. Genes for a specific trait generally come in pairs.
8. One gene from the pair is called an allele.
9. Genes may be expressed in two different forms.
A. Genotype—the set of genes carried by the organism. What we have
B. Phenotype—the physical expression of the genes. What we see

13. Inherited Traits
Characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring. Examples of inherited traits may be eye color, eye shape, hair type, or face shape.
Some inherited traits are dominant and some are recessive.
Dominant trait – A trait that will always be expressed in the phenotype. Alleles for dominant traits are represented by capital letters.
Recessive trait – A trait that will only be expressed in the phenotype if two recessive alleles are present. In the presence of a dominant trait, the recessive trait will not be expressed. Alleles for recessive traits are represented by lowercase letters.

14. Sexual Reproduction and DNA
Each sex cell (egg or sperm) of the parent organism (plant or animal) contains one-half of the genetic material needed to create a new organism.
Heredity is the passing of traits from one generation to another, or inheritance.
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell that contains the genetic information (DNA).

15. Create your own…. genotypes Row 1 Hair texture Row 2 Hair color Row 3
C-curly, c- straight
B- brown, b- blonde
B- brown eyes, b-blue eyes
Create your own….
genotypes
Row 1
Hair texture
Row 2
Hair color
Row 3
Eye color
dad Cc bb Bb
mom CC

16. Mendel’s peas gg Mom’s genotype ____gg_____ Dad’s genotypes ___Gg____
Mom’s phenotype _yellow___
Dad’s phenotype _green____
Each types probability – Gg– 50%
genotype gg- 50%
Each types phenotype –green-- 50%
yellow– 50%
Homozygous– mom
Heterozygous--dad x G g gg Gg g Gg gg g

17. Your title Mom’s genotype _________ Dad’s genotypes _______
Mom’s phenotype ____
Dad’s phenotype _____
Each types probability – ___–%
genotype ____- %
Each types phenotype –_____-__%
______–__%
Homozygous– ______
Heterozygous--_____ x _ _ _ _

18. Tomatoes, and more Ex.s mom dad tomato TT Tt freckles Ff FF diabetesdd Dd

19. Notes DNA is in chromosomes inside of the nucleus.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
DNA has all of the genetic information.
DNA has the code for all genetic information.
Genetic traits are physical characteristics that are passed from parent to offspring.
Sexual reproduction means ½ of the information came from each parent.
Sex cells (f=egg cell, m= sperm cell) each contain ½ of the genetic information . It is combined to produce the offspring.

20. 8. The chromosome segments that control each trait are called genes.
9 Some traits are controlled by more than 1 gene.
10. Genes for traits come in pairs.
11. Each ½ of the gene pair is called an allele.
12. Genes may be expressed in 2 different forms.
genotype—set of genes that you carry
Phenotype– the expression of genes (the traits that you see.)

21. 14. Some inherited traits are dominant and some are recessive.
13. Examples of inherited traits may be eye color, eye shape, hair type, or face shape.
14. Some inherited traits are dominant and some are recessive.
Dominant trait – A trait that will always be expressed in the phenotype. Alleles for dominant traits are represented by capital letters.
Recessive trait – A trait that will only be expressed in the phenotype if two recessive alleles are present. In the presence of a dominant trait, the recessive trait will not be expressed. Alleles for recessive traits are represented by lowercase letters.

22. Tomatoes, and more Ex.s mom dad tomato TT Tt freckles Ff FF diabetesdd Dd
tomatoes
diabetes
freckles

23. Tomatoes, and more Ex.s mom dad tomato TT Tt freckles Ff FF diabetesdd Dd
tomatoes
diabetes
freckles F f FF Ff d D Dd dd

24. Punnett Squares
15. In a Punnett square, the top of the table shows the alleles provided by one parent.
16. The alleles for the other parent are placed along the left side of the table.
17. One allele from each parent is placed in the individual squares, forming a new gene pair.
18. The individual squares show the possibilities of allele pairs (genotypes) in the offspring.

25. 19. If the two alleles are the same (TT or tt), the genotype is considered purebred. If the two alleles are different (Tt), the genotype is considered hybrid.
20. This example shows the inheritance of a single characteristic (height). A cross that shows the inheritance of a single characteristic is known as a monohybrid cross.

26. Has body covering (like fur, scales, or feathers)
Let’s make an alien…
Alien Traits
Heads
Tails
selected
Eye color
brown
green
# of eyes 2 3
Body Color
blue
purple
Head Shape
square
round
Number of antennae
Number of legs 6 10
Position of legs
Under body
Sides of body
Number of wings 1
Has a tail
yes No
Has body covering (like fur, scales, or feathers)
Mouth has
beak
lips

27. Making your model Must be 3-d. Must match your selection sheet.
Must be made of recycled materials.
Due on 2/16.