1. Historical Circumstances of the Bush Doctrine

2. September 11, 2001
FLASH FORWARD: September 11, 2001 – hijackers seized control of four jet airliners filled with passengers. They crashed two into the World Trade Center in New York City, a third hit a wing of the Pentagon (country’s military headquarters), and the fourth aircraft crashed in a field near Pittsburgh, PA. Around 3,000 people died on September 11.

3. It’s AMERICAN
FOREIGN POLICY TIME!!!

4. The U.S. policy would come to be known as the Bush Doctrine and can be summarized as follows:
1. The right to secure itself from countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups;
2. Preventive war, an attack against a possible enemy to prevent an attack by that enemy at a later time
3. Spreading democracy around the world as a strategy for combating terrorism
4. A willingness to use the U.S. military unilaterally (by itself) to
achieve these goals.

5. Who was responsible for the attacks?
1. Al Qaeda - a terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden took responsibility for the attacks (3 years after September 11th)
2. Quickly revealed that the government of Afghanistan, known
as the Taliban were providing
safe-harbor for al Qaeda.

6. So who are the Taliban? ?

7. Origins of the Taliban
1978
1979
Civil war breaks out btwn Soviet-led Afgahn forces against multi-national insurgent groups.
Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in Afghanistan

8. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend”
Help from the U.S.
“The enemy of my enemy is my friend”
Stinger Missile
Operation
Cyclone

9. After (post) Soviet-Afghan War
After the fall of the Afghan communist regime in 1992, Afghanistan was effectively ungoverned for four years and plagued by constant infighting between various mujahideen groups. The origins of the Taliban (literally "students") lay in the children of Afghanistan, many of them orphaned by the war, and many of whom had been educated in the rapidly expanding network of Islamic schools (madrassas) either in Kandahar or in the refugee camps on the Afghan-Pakistani border.
Taliban
New group
New group
New group

10. Who is Bin Laden and al Qaeda?

11. During Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)
WEAPONS
Bin Laden was born to the family of billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden in Saudi Arabia. He studied at university in the country until 1979, when he joined Mujahideen forces in Pakistan fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan - joined his mentor Abdullah Azzam. He helped to fund the Mujahideen by funneling arms, money and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan, and gained popularity among many Arabs.
$$$$

12. After the Soviet-Afghan War
When the Soviets pulled out of Afghanistan in early 1989, bin Laden and Azzam decided that their new organization should not dissolve. They established what they called a base (al Qaeda) as a potential general headquarters for future jihad. However, bin Laden, now the clear emir of al Qaeda, and Azzam differed on where the organization's future objectives should lie. Azzam favored continued fighting in Afghanistan until there was a true Islamist government, while bin Laden wanted to prepare al Qaeda to fight anywhere in the world. When Azzam was killed in 1989, bin Laden assumed full charge of al Qaeda. Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, Osama bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia in 1990 as a hero of jihad.
Al Qaeda
New group
New group
New group

13. ONE SUPERPOWER = The United States
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War enabled (allowed or made possible) the United States to play a new role in the world. The President of the United States was George H.W. Bush – you may know his son George H. Bush who will be elected President in 2000 (you will hear more about this man later.
President George H.W. Bush
1989

14. 1991 – Soviet Union ceases to exist = collapse of communism
= 15 new independent nations emerge
In late 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved. All 15 republics of the former Soviet Union became independent nations – including the largest, Russia.

15. In 1990, Hussein sent troops to invade Kuwait
Saddam Hussein
In 1990, Hussein sent troops to invade Kuwait
Why does this concern the U.S.?
On August 2, 1990, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, Kuwait; Bush condemned the invasion Iraq had long been ruled by brutal dictator Saddam Hussein. In 1990, Hussein sent troops to invade Kuwait. Kuwait is one of the richest oil-producing nations in the Middle East and located in the Persian Gulf region. FLASHBACK TIME –see next slide.

16. “The United States will use military force if necessary to
defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf.”
- Carter Doctrine (1980)
Remember me?
FLASHBACK – Carter Doctrine – Remember this foreign policy decision? I hope so. Jimmy attempted to make the U.S. “position absolutely clear.” DO NOT MESS WITH THE PERSIAN GULF REGION or it will be “repelled” or prevented by “any means necessary.”

17. First Move = Bush sends troops to Saudi Arabia
President George H.W. Bush feared the invasion of Kuwait (located in the Persian Gulf region) was the start of an Iraqi plan to seize Middle Eastern oil. To block such a move, Bush sent troops to Saudi Arabia. Bush built a coalition or alliance of more than 30 nations, including the Arab nations of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt. They demanded that Iraq withdraw from (get out of) Kuwait.
PERSIAN GULF WAR
( )

18. Second Move = Ground Assault (send troops)
Iraq refused and the coalition began launching a series of air attacks against the Iraqi capital of Baghdad in January These were later followed by a ground attack. The Persian Gulf War only lasted six weeks. The U.S. and its allies were able to force Iraq out of Kuwait. Hussein, however, remained in place so did a large American presence in Saudi Arabia.
PERSIAN GULF WAR
( )

19. The U.S. quickly drove Iraqi army from Kuwait
The U.S. stayed in Saudi Arabia
Outraged bin Laden who deemed an affront to their faith and as part of a Western plan to destroy Islam.
After the Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hussein stayed in power in Iraq and, as previously stated, the U.S. stayed in Saudi Arabia. American presence in Saudi Arabia outraged (made angry) many people in the Middle East. Saudi Arabi is home to some of the holiest places for Muslims included Mecca. One person who was outraged by the American military presence in Saudi Arabia was a man named Osama bin Laden.

20. al Qaeda in Sudan ( )
After leaving Afghanistan and being exiled by Saudi Arabia, bin Laden moved to Sudan, and with him went the base of operations for al Qaeda. From the sanctuary of Sudan, bin Laden began synching up with groups from all over the Middle East and northern Africa, and began laying the groundwork for his jihad against the West.

21. 1993 World Trade Center bombing
Beginning with a fatwa called against the United States' deployment to Somalia, bin Laden would continually plan and aid attacks against the United States. Al Qaeda trainers allegedly aided in downing two Black Hawk helicopters in Bin Laden and al Qaeda also took credit for the bombing of the World Trade Center in In 1995, al Qaeda associates were responsible for a car bomb that exploded outside a Saudi-U.S. joint facility in Saudi Arabia that was used to train the Saudi National Guard.

22. al Qaeda in Afghanistan (1996- ?) Bin Laden Returns to Afghanistan
After the Sudanese made it clear, in May 1996, that bin Laden would never be welcome to return,[clarification needed] Taliban-controlled Afghanistan—with previously established connections between the groups, administered with a shared militancy,[127] and largely isolated from American political influence and military power—provided a perfect location for al-Qaeda to relocate its headquarters. Al-Qaeda enjoyed the Taliban's protection and a measure of legitimacy as part of their Ministry of Defense,[citation needed] although only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan.
Bin Laden Returns to Afghanistan

23. FLASH FORWARD: September 11, 2001 – hijackers seized control of four jet airliners filled with passengers. They crashed two into the World Trade Center in New York City, a third hit a wing of the Pentagon (country’s military headquarters), and the fourth aircraft crashed in a field near Pittsburgh, PA. Around 3,000 people died on September 11.

24. On September 20, 2001, Bush addressed a joint session of Congress and a national television address – announcing a new foreign policy principle, which quickly became known as the Bush Doctrine. President Bush (the younger one) and his administration quickly blamed Al Qaeda, a shadowy “terrorist” organization headed by Osama bin Laden, for the attacks. A wealthy Islamic fundamentalist from Saudi Arabia, bin Laden joined the fight against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s. Yes, bin Laden was one of the so-called “guerilla fighters” who received American funds (money) to defeat the Soviets (you will read more about this connection later). After the Persian Gulf War, Osama bin Laden declared “war” on the United States. Terrorists associated with Al Qaeda exploded a truck bomb at the World Trade Center in 1993, killing six persons, and set off blasts in 1998 at American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
an Islamic fundamentalist group from Saudi Arabia
led by Osama bin Laden had joined the fight against the Soviet
occupation of Afghanistan
developed a relationship with C.I.A. and received funds to help
build his mountain bases.