1. Learning disability(M.R) 2. Prof. elham Aljammas
April 2014

2. Elimination Disorders ENCOPRESIS
Prevalence:1% of 5 years old children
Common in boys than girls .
Diagnostic criteria :
1.Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places (e.g clothing ,floor)whether involuntary or intentional
2.At least one each month for 3-months
3.chronological year for at least 4.years.
4.The behavior is not due exclusively to the direct psychological effect of substance e.g Laxative or general medical conditions.

3. Treatment: 1.Individual psychotherapy. 2.behavioral Technique.
3.Parental guidance .family therapy.
4.treat associated problems.

4. ENURESIS Prevalence: age 5 years---------------7% boys & 3% girls
Age 18 years % boys & rare in girls
Diurnal > in girls .
Diagnostic criteria of enuresis:
1.Repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes whether voluntary or intentional .
2.chronological age at least 5 years..
3. The condition is not directly due to psychological effect or substance(diuretic) .
4.it is of clinical significance if it is manifested 2 per week for at least 3 months ..

5. It runs in families: MZ>DZ
Small bladder
It does not seem to be related to specific stage of sleep.
Mainly have no existing mental
Reflected impairment of care giver
Associated with low self esteem
It can be precipated by sibling birth or parental separation
Spontaneous at age 6-8 years – puberty

6. Treatment Behavioral-Calendar or reward dry map Bell or buzzer
Psychotherapy
Pharmacological; rarely used

7. LEARNING DISORDERS: communication disorders
Moto skills disorders,reading disorders,mathematic disorders.
Moto skills disorders(developmental coordination disorders)
Communication disorders(expressive language disorder,mixed expressive receptive language disorders.
Phonological disorders.(stuttering)
Prevalence:
motor skills=5%
Stuttering1%
Communication disorders 3%
M/F 2/1 , Mathematic > Girls
Coexist with ADD & Disruptive disorder
Family incidence increase
CT&MRI –Lack of normal hemispheric asymmetry in parietal & temporal lobes
Left handedness increases in communication disorders
Increase hearing impairment

8. Treatment : Speech therapy Special class placement
Psychological-increase self esteem
School teacher
School counseling
Family therapy

9. Care for people with learning disability General provisions
General practioners , pediatricians are responsible for early detection & assessment.(psychologist, speech therapist,nurses,OT,Psychotherapy.
.& self help group for family

10. Special services 1.Prevention & early detection of learning disability
2.Regular assessment of person's disability
3.Advice ,support & practical measures for families
4. Housing & social support to maximize self care.
5. Medical nursing & other services
6.psychological & psychiatric services

11. Preventive Measures
Genetic counseling Prenatal care Compensatory education Education, training & occupation Residential care Medical & psychiatric services Effect of the disability on the family. 1.Social 2.psychological 3.physical