1. Unit 4: Impact of Industrialization
Ch. 8: Life in the Industrial Age Sec. 2 Scientific and Medical Achievements

2. New Ideas in Science Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Published On the Origin of the Species
Concept of natural selection
Creatures that can adapt to environment better, more apt to survive
These creature’s offspring inherit the features that allowed their parents to survive
Theory of evolution
Over time, all creatures change (evolve) to help them better adapt to environment and survive

3. Darwin Under Fire
Many attacked Darwin’s theory on basis that it hinted that Man also evolved from earlier, more primitive life-form Went against traditional Christian beliefs in Genesis

4. Chemistry & Physics 1803: John Dalton develops modern atomic theory
All elements consist of tiny particles – atoms
Atoms of different elements are different sizes/mass
1871: Dmitri Mendeleyev organizes the Periodic Table to include all known chemical elements
1898: Marie & Pierre Curie discover polonium and radium
Went on to discover radioactivity (energy released when certain elements break down)

5. Albert Einstein
Early 1900s, Einstein develops his theory of relativity:
Matter cannot move faster than speed of light
Motion can only be measured from viewpoint of particular observer; thus, there is no absolute motion, space, or time
In addition, Einstein’s idea of e=mc2 was instrumental in idea that a small amount of mass, could create an enormous amount of energy

6. Medical Breakthroughs
Disease Prevention
1870s: Louis Pasteur
demonstrated link between microbes and disease
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation (life can form from non-living matter)
Developed process of pasteurization (killing bacteria in liquids/foods in order to prevent bacterial growth that leads to disease
Finally, Pasteur created vaccines for anthrax and rabies

7. Improving Medical Care
Surgery & Anesthetics
Crawford Long (surgeon) used the gas known as ether to perform the first anesthetized operation in 1842
1860s: Joseph Lister used carbolic acid to sterilize his surgical equipment & reduce deaths due to infection
Medical care also improved as result of the construction of new hospitals, equipment, & more rigorous academic standards required of future physicians

8. New Ideas in Social Sciences
Psychology
1890s: Psychology (study of human mind & behavior) is created
Ivan Pavlov
Studied human behavior through experimentation with animals
Pavlov conditioned behavior of dogs by ringing a bell each time they were fed; eventually dogs would salivate & become excited at just the sound of the bell – conditioned reflex
Pavlov suggested that humans also are/can be influenced by conditioned reflexes

9. Pavlov’s Conditioned Reflex

10. Sigmund Freud
Freud believed that much of human behavior could be understood only through analyzing the sub-conscious (that part of the mind of which the individual is unaware)
Developed technique of psychoanalysis to help his patients get their repressed thoughts out in open before they caused problems or mental illness

11. Other Social Sciences
Sociology – study of the behavior of groups or societies Archaeology – study of ancient cultures/ civilizations before written record through scientific examination of artifacts Anthropology – study of human ancestors (Physical) and human culture (Cultural)