1. Disorders

2. Broken Bones

3. Terms:
Closed vs open
Simple vs Comminuted

4. Physical Fractures: compound - open stress – hairline
comminuted- crushed broken into multiple pieces.

5. Complete Fracture- A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.
Incomplete Fracture- A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined.
Linear Fracture- A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis.
Transverse Fracture- A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis.
Oblique Fracture- A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis.
Compression Fracture-A fracture that usually occurs in the vertebrae.
Spiral Fracture- A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.
Comminuted Fracture- A fracture causing many fragments.
Compacted Fracture- A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other
Open Fracture- A fracture when the bone reaches the skin

6. Compound

8. Comminuted

11. Healing hematoma (bleeding/blood clot)
capillaries invade and form cartilage deposit
cartilage replaced by bone
remolding (osteoblasts)

13. Curvatures of Spine
Kyphosis: kyph(o) = hump hunchback-exaggerated thoracic curve

15. Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar anterior curvature

16. Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature (side to side)

19. Joints Arthritis: inflammation of joint
osteoarthritis: most common-old age/wear and tear on cartilage cap

20. Rheumatoid: more painful, more severe-synovial membrane inflames and destroys cartilage
autoimmune disorder

22. Gout: uric acid crystals form in the joints –painful

24. Dislocations: popping a bone out of joint

25. Sprain- stretching ligaments, 3 or 4 degrees
RICE

26. The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.
The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.
The third degree is a complete rupture.
The fourth degree is the most severe and actually breaks the ligament, along with some small bones if severe enough, and requires surgery to repair.

27. Dietary lack of vitamin D or calcium-soft bones
Rickets: in kids, bowed legs, malnourished
Osteomalacia: softening in bones

28. Rickets Osteomalacia

29. Hormonal osteoporosis-bones get brittle and weak
lack of estrogen when females menopause
Prevention:
1. exercise
2. get more calcium & vitamin D
3. estrogen hormonal supplement

31. Bacterial or Viral
Osteomyelitis: bacterial inflammation of bone marrow