1. Physical Development from One to Three
Chapter 10

2. Chapter Objective
Identify five changes in a child’s physical growth from ages one to three.
Explain how developmental milestones are used.
Describe how a parent should respond to typical changes in a child’s sleeping patterns.
Explain why it is important to establish good eating habits early in life.
Identify why young children are particularly at risk for accidents.
List four factors to consider when choosing clothing for young children.

3. Section 10.1 Growth and Development

4. Main Idea
Children ages one-year-old to three-years-old grow, change, and develop in many ways.
Motor skills improve noticeably

5. Vocabulary Content Academic Toddler Preschooler Sensory integration
Developmentally appropriate
Dexterity
Variation
Proportion

6. Growth Toddler – refers to one and two year olds
Preschooler – a child from age three to about age five
Height and weight
Proportion and Posture
Teeth

7. Height and Weight
Gain less than half the average monthly weight they did during the first year of life.
Growth in height also slows by about half.

8. Proportion and Posture
Because of changes in physical proportion, a child’s posture improves between the ages one and three.
The circumference of the child’s head, abdomen, and chest are about the same.
Between the ages of two and three, however, the chest becomes larger around then the head and abdomen.
By the age of two, a child’s posture is straighter but still not erect. The head is bend forward slightly, the elbows and knees are also slightly bent.
By the third birthday they stand straighter because their spines are stronger.

9. Teeth Diet Greatly influences the quality of a child’s teeth.
Children should consume calcium and vitamin D because their adult teeth are forming.
Poor diet along with too many sweets can cause decay.
Heredity
Dentist have identifies a protective mechanism that discourages decay that is inherited from their parents.
Dentist
Children should start seeing the dentist early to help them get used to the procedures.

10. Sensory Integration
Sensory Integration – process by which the brain combines information taken in through the senses to make a whole.
Know how wide to open their mouth to eat something
Can tell when something has dripped on their chin when eating
Most children can tell when this happens naturally, others have trouble and may have learning or behavioral disabilities

11. Developmental Milestones
Developmentally appropriate – describes toys, activities and tasks that are suitable for a child at a specific age
Children don’t always reach the milestones on schedule
Scientists have developed a list of tasks that most children reach by a certain time

12. Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills
Use of large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders, and arms
As they exercise they slowly build confidence, strength, and coordination
Fine Motor Skills
Ability to pick up small objects between their thumb and forefinger
Use this to feed themselves and drink from a cup
Dexterity – skillful use of the hands and fingers

13. Hand-Eye Coordination
This skill continues to improve with this age group
With practice this skill improves
Start picking up small objects (size of a pea) with their thumb and forefinger
Can also start turning doorknobs and picking up objects off the floor without losing their balance

14. Section 10.2 Caring for Children from One to Three

15. Main Idea
One-to-three-year-olds experience many changes in sleep patterns, nutritional needs, eating, hygiene, dressing, health, illness, and safety.

16. Vocabulary Content Academic Night terrors Hygiene Sphincter muscles
Synthetic fibers
Flame-resistant
Incident
Pollutant

17. Sleep Patterns Sleep 8 or more hours at night
Usually take a couple hour nap during the day becoming shorter in duration
Fears or anxiety about separation may make falling asleep difficult for toddlers
Keep a nightly routine to help reassure toddlers and make them more comfortable

18. Sleep Disturbances
Common for toddlers to wake during the night, they usually go back to sleep on their own
Sometimes, they need to use the restroom during the night or may need to have a night light to help calm their fears.
Night terrors – a type of sleep disturbance that occurs during the first few hours of sleep, when children are sleeping deeply

19. Self-Feeding
Children at this stage want to feed themselves, this is part of their growing independence.
Depends on their fine motor skills and self-feeding helps to refine this
1 year old
Soft, chewable finger foods are usually best
Start using a spoon, lots of spills, also uses a sippy cup
2 year old
Learn to use a fork
Should be eating with the rest the family
3 year old
Quiet skillful at using spoon and fork
Eat the same food as the rest of the family

20. Nutritional Foods
Should be provided with a variety of beneficial foods to establish good health
Milk – ½ C
Grain – ¼ to ½ C
Meat – 1 -2 oz
Vegetable – ¼ to ½ C
Fruit – ¼ to ½ C

21. Meal Appeal
Color
Texture
Shape
Temperature
Ease of Eating

22. Checkups Immunizations Protect children from specific diseases
Some illnesses are better to get as a child rather than later in life such as colds and chicken pox

23. Illness Most children from the ages of 1 to 3 become sick
Usually respiratory and ear infections
Most cases it is mild and does not need intervention
Be careful of pollutants and environmental dangers such as cleaners, lead based paint, and other chemicals

24. Safety Childproof the home Environmental concerns Chocking hazards
Toys
Poisons in the home
Fire and burns
Motor vehicles
Sunburn
Pets
Drowning

25. Hygiene Hygiene – personal care and cleanliness Washing and bathing
Learn personal hygiene
Part of bedtime routine
Caring for teeth
Teach good dental hygiene practices early to fight cavities
Should visit the dentist every 6 months
Toilet training
Between their 2nd and 3rd birthdays
Must be both physically and emotionally ready to control bladder and bowel functions
Calm encouragement is important
Sphincter muscles – muscles that help regulate elimination from the bowels

26. Self-Dressing Eager to learn to dress themselves
Makes them feel more independent
Most will start undressing themselves first
Can dress themselves by the age of three

27. Choosing Clothes
Choose cloths that allow for growth, move freely, with soft and sturdy fabrics
Buy clothes that are a size larger
If possible let them choose their own clothes, many like bright colors, animals, or familiar story characters
Cotton is a good choice
Synthetic fibers – fabrics made from chemicals, rather than natural sources
Flame resistant – fabric can still catch on fire, but will burn as quickly as other fabrics
Must be durable and able to withstand hard wear and washings