1. Lesson 1
1820 Missouri Compromise

2. It can be cracked, It can be made, It can be told, it can be played.
What is it? .
Joke

3. By the end of this lesson, everybody will be able to
OUTLINE the relationship between the North and South in 1820
ANALYSE the details and impact of the 1820 Missouri Compromise
ASSESS how significant was the Missouri Compromise of 1820 in creating sectional tension in America

4. What we have done so far…

5. USA built on a series of contradictions and compromises
Land of liberty with slavery
Idealism and fine words meets political and economic realities
Constitution that had checks and balances within the system
Federal system with tension between power of federal Government and states rights
Growing sectionalism – sense of if not reality of 2 nations – North and South
Belief in ‘more perfect union’ but different visions of it
USA built on a series of contradictions and compromises
What is the term for the cultural, economic, and geographical division of the US?

6. Slavery as the divisive issue
SOUTH:
South becomes increasingly ‘defensive’ and ‘protective’ of its identity (also power, wealth, culture, way of life etc.). ‘Tide of history against the south?’
Can exaggerate the extent of difference, but it is easy to see how an ‘us and them’ attitude could develop (size/communication)
South believes (correctly) that the North is and will continue to increasingly dominate the union. It may believe there is a northern conspiracy against south led by politically motivated abolitionists.
North = richer, industrial, immigration, opportunity, population (HoR)
North:
The north is by no means united over slavery
Abolitionists: radicals– seek to end slavery across the union using federal govt. power
Compromisers: no expansion of slavery – it would then whither away
Acceptance: slavery was protected by the constitution and hence was legitimate and an issue for states rights NOT Federal Government
South fear emancipation by stealth so Southerners and Democrats (like Polk) increasingly seek to use states rights, the Senate, The Constitution as their way to protect themselves.
Slavery as the divisive issue

7. Compromises
But both North and South believe in westwards expansion.
This shared vision - link Manifest destiny opened up a ‘can of worms’ because of the consequences of such an ambition
Key question is what will happen to slavery when USA expands west – it already has grown from just 13 states in 1789 to around 30 (15v15) by 1850
Crucially and deliberately a series of compromises and balances had been devised to prevent a crisis regarding ‘the future of slavery in USA’
Two events stand out as apart of the attempts to ‘avoid the crisis of growing sectionalism’
1820 – Missouri Compromise
1830s – Nullification Crisis
DIVISIVE ISSUE OF SLAVERY + SHARES VISION OF WESTWARD EXPANSION
= PROBLEMS GOING FORWARD

8. https://create. kahoot

9. 1819: 11 Slave states and 11 Free states

10. What should the conditions of Missouri joining the Union be?
You will become one of key three people, who put forward ideas of what the conditions of Missouri joining the Union should be.
Your job is to write a speech, explaining what you think the conditions of Missouri entering the Union should be.
Group 1: James Tallmadge
Group 2: Jesse Thomas
Group 3: Missouri Constitution 1820

11. James Tallmadge (Whig from New York):
Added the Tallmadge Amendment to Missouri’s proposed constitution
Prohibited the further introduction of slavery
Children of slave parents be freed at 25
Jesse Thomas (Illinois):
Constitution without the extension of slavery
Maine as a free state
Excluding slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.
Missouri new constitution 1820
protected slavery
banned ALL blacks from entering

12. 4. Henry Clay

13. Summarise the North’s reaction in emoji's
EMOTION +
WHY
NORTH:
Angry that slavery has been allowed to expand
SOUTH:
Angry that the Federal Government had made a law on slavery
U.S. government had no power to restrict slavery, which was protected under the Constitution
Summarise the North’s reaction in emoji's
Summarise the South’s reaction in emoji's

14. Consequences of the 1820 Compromise
Short Term
Long Term
Consequences of the 1820 Compromise
No eruption of Civil War
Balance of political power in the Senate
A compromise treasured as much as the Constitution
Status of slavery of the Louisiana Purchase land was decided
A compromise that does not satisfy the North OR the South
It left open the question of slavery in areas outside of the Louisiana Purchase
Expectation to keep an equal amount of slave and free states
Highlights how fatal issue of slavery was, specifically in relation to westward expansion

15. Lesson 2
Nullification Crisis

16. You have two ropes. Each rope takes one hour to burn.
These ropes are not identical in size or width, nor are they uniform (it does not necessarily take half an hour for half the rope to burn)
With only these two ropes and a way to light them, how do you measure out 45 minutes?
Light the first rope at both ends, and the second at one end. When the first rope has completely burned, 30 minutes have elasped. Now light the other end of the second rope. When the second rope has completely burned, 45 minutes have elapsed.

17. In the Library! (and less blurry…)

18. Write down 3 questions you would like to know the answer to regarding this cartoon.

19. By the end of this lesson, everybody will be able to
DESCRIBE the Tariff of Abominations
EXPLAIN how and why South Carolina reacted to the Tariff of Abominations
EVALUATE whether the Missouri Compromise of 1920 and Nullification Crisis were significant in creating sectional tension in America by c1845

20. Tariff of Abomination Using your homework booklet, spot the mistakes.
Andrew Jackson came to the presidency in 1829 to a unified country. The main issues between the North and the South were slavery, protective tariffs and the price of land in the East.
The Tariff of 1828 is a nickname for the Tariff of Abominations. Manufacturers in the North wanted to make sure their goods were protected from foreign competitors who dumps lost cost imports on American Markets. The President was pressured by these manufacturers to create the Tariff of 1828, which was signed by John Quincy Adams. The South (especially North Carolina) was alarmed by this due to the fact they would lose British consumers, who were not able to pay the high tariff for American Tobacco.
Explain using Students

21. One side of the room will be the North, the other the South…
You must write a speech, explaining how the Tariff of Abominations will affecting you, and whether the law should stay or go…
Get them to convince Ian that your side is right – Whether he should keep the law in place?

22. South Carolina
South Carolina was the state with the largest proportion of slaves in its population (55% in 1830)
South Carolina was controlled by a tight knit group of large plantation owners
South Carolina’s constitution gave plantation owners higher representation in their Congress, because of high property qualifications needed to hold office
1820 economic downturn
Go over by acting it all out from the students – go along with the notes

23. Nullification Crisis For your homework, you noted down the basic outline of the Nullification crisis. Use the knowledge you have acquired, to put the following statements in chronological order

24. Congress approved Jackson’s Force Bill, which allowed Jackson to use the army to enforce the tariff
Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832, which lowered the tariff rates
Andrew Jackson and John Calhoun infamously clashed at a meal honouring Thomas Jefferson’s birthday
Vice President, John Calhoun anomalously published South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which argued the Constitution delegated some rights to the Federal government, but beyond that the states had sovereignty.
Calhoun resigned and Vice President, and was quickly elected Senator of South Carolina
Andrew Jackson became President of the United States (1828 election) – and defended the tariff policy of 1828
Henry Clay, leader in the House of Representatives, worked with Calhoun to create a Comprised Tariff
South Carolina accepted the Compromised bill, but nullified the Force Bill
South Carolina held a special convention that adopted the Ordinance of Nullification, that stated the Tariffs of 1829 and1833 were unconstitutional and therefore void
In 1828 Congress narrowly passed a protective tariff, during the Presidency of John Quincy Adams

25. In 1828 Congress narrowly passed a protective tariff, during the Presidency of John Quincy Adams
Vice President, John Calhoun anomalously published South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which argued the Constitution delegated some rights to the Federal government, but beyond that the states had sovereignty.
Andrew Jackson became President of the United States (1828 election) – and defended the tariff policy of 1828
Andrew Jackson and John Calhoun infamously clashed at a meal honouring Thomas Jefferson’s birthday
Calhoun resigned as Vice President, and was quickly elected Senator of South Carolina
Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832, which lowered the tariff rates
South Carolina held a special convention that adopted the Ordinance of Nullification, that stated the Tariffs of 1829 and1833 were unconstitutional and therefore void
Congress approved Jackson’s Force Bill, which allowed Jackson to use the army to enforce the tariff
Henry Clay, leader in the House of Representatives, worked with Calhoun to create a Comprised Tariff
South Carolina accepted the Compromised bill, but nullified the Force Bill

26. Consequences of the Nullification Crisis
Short Term
Long Term
Consequences of the Nullification Crisis
Nullification was not purely a sectional issue… South Carolina stood alone
South Carolina was prepared to secede from the Union
Jackson, an advocate of states rights, arguable went further than any other individual to preserve what he saw as the national government’s legitimate powers = ironic?
Calhoun denied that nullification was a step towards disunion
Stability in America would reply on federal government actions not trampling on state rights
Nullification would not be a viable way to exert their will on national politics in the future
However, a compact theory on the Constitution could now be used by the South

27. HOW WE ARE GOING TO JUDGE SIGNIFICANCE?
‘The Missouri Compromise of 1920 and Nullification Crisis were significant in creating sectional tension in America by c1845’ :
HOW WE ARE GOING TO JUDGE SIGNIFICANCE?
Having a major effect upon; important
Change, affect, short term, long term, who it effects
Significant because they set a standard for the future (one that ultimately cannot be met – war!)

28. THEY ARE SIGNIFICANT IN CREATING SECTIONAL TENSION
THEY ARE NOT SIGNIFICANT IN CREATING SECTIONAL TENSION
What else could be creating sectional tension c1845?
Federal Government (MC – right to make laws and NC – undermine), Slavery (issues of slavery and Westward Expansion and economic)
Slavery, Economic difference, Abolitionists, Westward Expansion, Constitution

29. JUDGEMENT
Not significant
Significant
Justification:
‘The Missouri Compromise of 1920 and Nullification Crisis were significant in creating sectional tension in America by c1845.’

30. Get students to write down any questions you have about this cartoon

31. Lesson 2: resource

32. Ballard C. Campbell , Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History pp.71-72.

34. In 1828 Congress narrowly passes a protective tariff
Vice President, John Calhoun anomalously publishes South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which argued the Constitution delegated some rights to the Federal government, but beyond that the states had sovereignty.
Andrew Jackson becomes President of the United States (1828 election) – and defends the tariff policy on 1828
Andrew Jackson and John Calhoun infamously clash at a meal honouring Thomas Jefferson’s birthday
Calhoun resigns and Vice President, and is quickly elected Senator of South Carolina
South Carolina hold a special convention that states the tariff of 1828 is unconstitutional and therefore void
Jackson sends 7 small naval ships to Charleston and a man-of-war, South Carolina
Congress approve Jackson’s Force Bill, which allows Jackson to use the army to enforce the tariff
Henry Clay, leader in the House of Representatives with Calhoun to create a Comprised Tariff
South Carolina accept the Compromised bill, but nullify the Force Bill
In 1828 Congress narrowly passes a protective tariff
Vice President, John Calhoun anomalously publishes South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which argued the Constitution delegated some rights to the Federal government, but beyond that the states had sovereignty.
Andrew Jackson becomes President of the United States (1828 election) – and defends the tariff policy on 1828
Andrew Jackson and John Calhoun infamously clash at a meal honouring Thomas Jefferson’s birthday
Calhoun resigns and Vice President, and is quickly elected Senator of South Carolina
South Carolina hold a special convention that states the tariff of 1828 is unconstitutional and therefore void
Jackson sends 7 small naval ships to Charleston and a man-of-war, South Carolina
Congress approve Jackson’s Force Bill, which allows Jackson to use the army to enforce the tariff
Henry Clay, leader in the House of Representatives with Calhoun to create a Comprised Tariff
South Carolina accept the Compromised bill, but nullify the Force Bill