1. Lecture 10: Organic compounds: Functional groups and the molecules of life
SPRING 2017
Course lecturer :
Jasmin Šutković
26th April 2017

2. Contents 1. Arenes Alcohols and Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones
International University of Sarajevo
1. Arenes
Alcohols and Ethers
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic acid
Molecules of life
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates

3. Arenes
Most arenes with a single six-membered ring are volatile liquids- AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (CYCLIC)
Compounds containing both aliphatic and aromatic parts.
Alkylbenzenes
Alkenylbenzenes
Alkynylbenzenes
Etc….

4. Volatility ?
Volatility is a measure of a substance's vapor pressure and it's tendency to vaporize.

5. How they are produced?

6. Aromatic VS. Aliphatic
In organic chemistry, compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen are divided into two classes: 
aromatic compounds, which contain benzene or similarly aromatic rings of atoms, and 
aliphatic compounds  which do not contain those rings.

7. Alkylbenzenes, nomenclature:
Special names

8. others named as “alkyl benzenes”:

9. Alcohols
Alcohols are characterized by the presence of an -OH group generally in a bent shape, like that of water.
Due to the presence of an -OH group, alcohols can hydrogen bond. This leads to higher boiling points compared to their parent alkanes.
Alcohols are polar in nature. This is attributed to the difference in electronegativity between the carbon and the oxygen atoms.
Are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on whether the –OH group is bonded to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon

10. Ethers
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups — of general formula R–O–R'.
Good solvents for organic compounds
Unreactive because they lack the –OH unit

11. Reminder

12. Aldehydes
An ALDEHYDE is an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the structure R-CHO, consists of a carbonyl center (a carbon double bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
Contain the carbonyl functional group
Prepared by the oxidation of alcohols

13. Ketones
A KETONE  is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents.
Ketones feature a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms.
Many ketones are known and many are of great importance in industry and in biology. Examples include many sugars (ketoses) and the industrial solvent acetone.

14. Carboxylic Acids
Compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group are weak= acids.
Carboxylic acids are Brønsted-Lowry acids because they are proton (H+) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid.
Among the simplest examples are formic acid H-COOH, which occurs in ants, and acetic acid CH3-COOH, which gives vinegar its sour taste.
Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives.

15. Examples

17. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Esters
Esters are chemical compounds consisting of a carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage.
Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Several billion kilograms of polyesters are produced industrially annually.

18. The Molecules of Life
• All the functional groups described are found in the organic molecules that constitute and maintain every living organism on Earth
• The most abundant substances found in living systems belong to four major classes:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic acids