1. Approximate activity space required
Sanitation
ventilated lobby
area of opening to be at least 1/20th of the total floor area
habitable room, office or working area
bedroom, providing another WC is available in the building
0.7 m
0.6 m
activity space
activity space
average
height 1m
0.8 m
0.8 m
0.7 m
Wash hand basin
WC pans
Approximate activity space required
activity space
1.7 m
2.3 m
activity space
1.0 m
0.6 m
0.7 m
0.7 m
Baths
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 299 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:
Sanitary accommodation

2. Sanitation Sanitary appliances 1 Waste appliances cleaner’s sink
crockery sink (RH drainer)
‘Belfast’ butler sink
300 mm
washbasin
pedestal
bidet
bath
Waste appliances
shower tray
Sanitary appliances 1
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 301 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

3. close coupled double trap
Sanitation
flush pipe
flush pipe
bib cocks
washdown WC pan
close coupled double trap
siphonic WC pan
hinged grate
sparge pipe
slop hopper
single trap siphonic WC pan
Soil appliances
slab urinal
flush pipe
spreaders
bowl urinal
trough urinal
stall urinal
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 303 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:
Sanitary appliances 2

4. Sanitation Operation of valve type flushing cistern Plunger type
ball float
overflow
service valve
Inlet supply
stainless steel spring
Diaphragm plunger washer
piston being lifted by water pressure and in so doing also lifting the outlet valve
Plunger type
flushing cistern
flush pipe
Flushing siphon
Flushing valve
3-port
valve open
flexible inlet connection
valve open and water filling the cistern
arm holds valve in up position
float operated valve
spring
outlet
valve
flushing valve
water discharging into the WC pan
Operation of valve type flushing cistern
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 305 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

5. Sanitation Flushing cistern Dual flush Automatic flushing siphon
lever handle
flushing cistern
air gets in here to break siphonic action unless the lever arm is held down sealing off the hole
Dual flush
syphon
diaphragm plunger washer
flush pipe
Automatic flushing siphon
Dual flush siphon
Photo shows hole through which air
can enter to break the siphonic action
where a reduced flush is required
drip feed supply
automatic
water flow
cut-off
device
siphon
tube
upper well
Automatic water flow
cut-off control
‘U’ tube
lower well
flush pipe
Flushing cistern
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 307 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

6. Sanitation Waste pipe connections Running trap ‘S’ trap ‘P’ trap
integral
overflow
unslotted waste fitting for use with appliances having no integral overflow (e.g. urinal)
combination waste and overflow fitting
Plumbers Mait or similar flexible jointing material
Slotted waste fitting
washer
Running trap
direction
of flow
backnut
depth of seal
‘S’ trap
‘P’ trap
Selection of traps and valve to prevent gases and smells entering the property
synthetic seal (opens as water flows through valve)
dip tube
dip partition
Waste pipe valve
Bottle traps
Waste pipe connections
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 309 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

7. Sanitation Sanitary pipework
main ventilating stack
Branch ventilating stack WC
basin
bath
stack size distance ‘X’
75 mm 90 mm
100 mm 110 mm
150 mm 250 mm
Rodding access
Fitting arrangement for branch connection to overcome cross-flow problems
Branch discharge stack
sink
Ventilated discharge branch system
main discharge stack
house drain
‘X’
Secondary ventilated stack system
small branch
connection WC
connection
Branch connections
to avoid crossflow
200 mm
Primary ventilated stack system
Sanitary pipework
Do not connect within the shaded area
450 mm min lowest connection
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 311 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

8. Sanitation Primary ventilated stack system
basin 32 mm dia
bidet 32 mm dia
shower 40 mm dia
bath 40 mm dia
50 mm parallel junction
to avoid crossflow
WC 75–100 mm dia
sink
40 mm dia
washing machine
and dish washer 40 mm dia
long radius bend
450 mm min
modified system required
where design criteria
exceeded
WCs, max 8 fitted
Typical primary ventilated stack system
50 mm dia
wash basins
maximum 4 fitted without additional branch ventilating pipe
Range of appliances
(only to be used where discharge stack is large enough to limit pressure fluctuations)
Primary ventilated stack system
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 313 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

9. Ventilation of sanitary pipework
Sanitation
domical cage
insulation
window opening
0.9 m
rubber washer
Air admittance valve
negative
pressure
negative
pressure
within
3.0 m
valve open
air admittance
valves
valve closed
5–10 dwellings conventional vent
at head of drainage run
Termination of an open
ventilating pipe so as
not to cause a nuisance
suitable locations for
an air admittance valve
house drain
private sewer WC
public sewer
rodding access
sink
conventional venting at mid point and head of drainage run where more than 10 dwellings
waste pipe connections
2 m max WC
1.5 m
max
Air admittance valve
100 mm discharge stack
invert level
Stub stack
conventional open vent pipe
air admittance
valves
6.0 m maximum to
ventilated drain
Ventilation of sanitary pipework
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 315 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

10. Sanitation Compression (back pressure) Wavering out Induced siphonage
discharging water
wind
Air compressed
roof slope
negative pressure
atmospheric
pressure
hydraulic jump
atmospheric
pressure
air being sucked from pipe
negative pressure
Compression (back pressure)
hydraulic jump
Wavering out
plug of water
Induced siphonage
valve lifts should there be a
negative pressure within the pipe
normal trap
seal
trap being
siphoned
remaining trap
Resealing traps
Trap seal loss
Resealing trap
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 317 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

11. Sanitation Mechanical disposal units WC macerator WC macerator unit
sink plug
tubular
trap
electrical supply
via unswitched
connection
reset
button
grinding
blades
waste pipe
discharge
stack
additional WC
19 mm i.d.
pipe
appropriate
soil stack
boss
pipe laid to gradient
(6 mm/min)
pulled bends should
be used and not
elbows
basement
installation
conventional
WC suit
WC macerator unit
WC suite
WC macerator
drain-off cock fitted
at base of vertical
rise
unswitched
electrical connection
WC macerator
19 mm
discharge
pipe
300 mm
max
any vertical rise must
precede a horizontal run
Mechanical disposal units
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 319 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

12. Sanitation Testing of sanitary pipework water covering test plugs
to maintain good seal
manometer
38 mm water
head pressure
drain plug
hand
pump
plug
cock
traps filled
with water
testing bag
access cover
hand pump
stick painted
matt black
Inspecting the depth of trap seal
during a performance test
Testing of sanitary pipework
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 323 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved:

13. Sanitation Maintenance and periodic inspection sani-snake
overflow blocked with rag
etc., to maintain good
air seal
force cup plunger
manually operated
Snakentainer
gully grab
closed
open
plunging sink to
remove a blockage
electrically
operated
Snakentainer
150 mm
rubber plunger
plunging a WC pan
drain rods
blockage
silt from
gully trap
Maintenance and periodic inspection
From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 325 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: