1. Canadian French-English Relations

2. Unemployment rates by province 
                    November 2015          October 2015
N.L.:                       13%                        13%
P.E.I.:                     10.4%                      9.9%
Nova Scotia:          8.6%                       7.8%
New Brunswick:    8.7%                       9%
Quebec:                  7.5%                      7.7%
Ontario:                  6.9%                       6.8%
Manitoba:               6.1%                       5.3% 
Sask.:                     5.5%                        5.6%
Alberta:                  7%                           6.6%
B.C.:                       6.2%                        6.3%
Canada:                 7.1%                         7%
Source: Statistics Canada

3. World War One –
At the outset of World War One – tremendous disagreement between English and French Canada on what role Canada should play in conflict
French Canadians did not think we should get involved in a European / British war
Most English-Canadians still felt strong loyalty to Britain and wanted to lend support

4. 1917 – Conscription Crisis of WWI
When PM Borden introduced Military Service act of 1917 – introduced conscription
Divided Canada along language lines
English Canada supportive of conscription, French Canada opposed

5. World War Two
Many women in both English & French Canada gained employment in munitions factories, etc.
1942 – Conscription Crisis again
Not as severe as 1917, but there were still protests and tensions

6. Consequences of Conscription
Ex: 2011 Election
Conservative Majority Govt
Quebec Votes:
NDP- 59
Cons- 5
Liberal- 7
Bloc- 4
To this day people in Quebec do not vote for the conservative Party.
They vote Liberal, NDP or Bloc Quebecois

7. Consequences of Conscription
Ex: 2015 Election
Quebec Voted:
NDP- 16
Cons- 12
Liberal- 40
Bloc- 10

8. 1930s - Roots of Quebec Nationalism
Maurice Duplessis
Union Nationale
Premier of Québec from , and again from
Strong Québec nationalist who was devoted to the idea of Québec as a distinctive society – a “nation” rather than just another Canadian province
Introduced flag for Québec bearing the French symbol, the fleur-de-lis – to emphasize province’s difference from English-speaking Canada
Fiercely opposed growing powers of federal government in post-war years

9. Duplessis – The Dark Era?
HOWEVER-
While tried to keep out the influence of foreign culture, he encouraged foreign investment
Businesses and industries from Ontario and USA were attracted by what Québec had to offer: guaranteed cheap labour, since union activity was either discouraged or banned, and low taxes
In return for favourable business conditions, companies were expected to contribute generously to the Union Nationale – “kickbacks” / gifts
Bribery and corruption trademarks of Duplessis regime

10. Roman Catholic Church
Under Duplessis, the Roman Catholic Church was the main defender of Québec culture
Church praised the old Québec traditions of farm, faith, and family
It ran Québec’s hospitals and schools
Religion played a role in every part of the curriculum, and the schools taught children to accept authority
Those few who attended high school and university received a fine education, but with an emphasis on traditional subjects and languages and philosophy
Result – Québec produced many priests, lawyers, and politicians, but few scientists, engineers, or business people

11. Quiet Revolution – 1960s
1960 – Duplessis died – Jean Lesage and the Liberals came to power in Québec under the slogan, “Time for a Change”
Lesage – stamped out corruption
gov. jobs and contracts were now awarded according to merit
wages and pensions were raised
restrictions on trade unionism removed

12. Quiet Revolution - Modernization
government began a peaceful but dramatic movement to modernize the province’s economy, politics, education, and culture
took control of social services and the education system
as new attitudes took hold, the influence of the church declined
wave of change – known as the Quiet Revolution

13. Quiet Revolution - “Maîtres Chez Nous”
after 1962 election – Liberals campaigned, and won, with the motto, “maîtres chez nous” – “ masters in our own house”
aim – to strengthen Québec’s control of its own economy
among other steps – gov. nationalized (bought out) several hydro companies and turned them into a large, provincially-owned power monopoly – Hydro-Québec

14. Counterpoints Textbook
Use your notes and pages to answer:
Questions 1-3 on page 194

15. Class #2 Minority Relations Separatism the FLQ and Terrorism in Canada 1. Get a counterpoints textbook 2. Blank piece of paper (write name and date)

16. Separatism Perceived Injustices: Federal government mostly English;
No French schools in the rest of Canada;
Francophones expected to speak English in stores and at work
Solution? Quebec
to be entirely controlled
by Quebeckers
= separation
from Canada :(

18. FLQ (front de liberation du Québec) fought for “Québec libre” – a “free” Québec
They used Molotov cocktails and explosives to attack symbols of English-Canada
Separatism - The FLQ

19. Separatism - Lévesque and the PQ
1967 – influential Québec cabinet minister René Lévesque left the Liberal Party and formed the Parti Québécois (PQ)
Lévesque believed that Québec and Canada should “divorce peacefully”

20. Ottawa’s Response - Royal Commission
Lester Pearson – became PM in midst of the crisis.
Wanted to reconcile (make peace) with Quebec
appointed the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Main recommendation: that Canada should become officially bilingual

21. Trudeau I (PET) and Québec
Canada becomes Officially Bilingual in 1969
1968 – Trudeau succeeded Pearson as PM
1969 –Official Languages Act – making Canada an officially bilingual country
from this point on: all federal government agencies across Canada were required to provide services in both languages

22. Official Languages Act 1969
Met with mixed results.
Westerners still felt ignored
Francophones not impressed – wanted “special status” for Québec in Confederation
Trudeau would not go this far.

23. Counterpoints textbook
Political Cartoons
Counterpoints textbook
#1 page 195
#2 Page 198

26. Ottawa’s Response – New Canadian Flag -1965
1964 – Pearson acted on long-standing complaint in Québec that Canada’s symbols were too British – suggested a new Canadian flag
Maple Leaf chosen as symbol for new flag because it seemed to represent all Canadians
instead – increased tensions in Canada
heated debate – split the country
now accepted by English-Canadians – Quebeckers tend to favour fleur-de-lis

27. Does the Government’s Response Reconcile the Quebec Nationalists?
NO!
Does the Government’s Response Reconcile the Quebec Nationalists?

28. October Crisis
On October 5, members of the FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a British diplomat, from this Montreal home
In exchange for Cross’s safe release – FLQ demanded the release of prisoners.
Federal and Québec authorities refuse.
FLQ then also kidnapped Québec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte
Alarmed that the situation was out of control – Trudeau asked Parliament to impose the War Measures Act
civil rights suspended;
anyone could be arrested and detained without being charged with an offense;
membership in FLQ became a crime;
James Cross
Pierre Laporte

29. October Crisis
When asked how far he would go to defeat the FLQ Trudeau said, “Just watch me.”
Hundreds of pro-separatist Quebeckers were arrested and held without charge
October 17th – police found the body of Pierre Laporte in the trunk of a car – he had been strangled
Two months later – Montreal tracked the group holding Cross in a Montreal house
Police negotiated Cross’ safe release.
Was the War Measures Act Necessary? Overkill?
Dec 3, October Crisis Over
Trudeau – Just Watch Me – (5:50)

30. Assignment (Due June 13th)
On a blank piece of paper create the “Perfect” flag - a flag that satisfies both French and English Canadians and represents what it means to be Canadian.
Include a 4-5 Sentence write up explaining why your selection is the “Perfect” flag for Canada.
You may work independently or in partners

31. Class #3
Western Alienation Project

32. Regionalism

33. PQ in Power
1976 – René Lévesque and Parti Québécois win the provincial election.
The PQ promise a referendum on separatism

34. 1980 Referendum RESULT – 40% voted “YES” 60% voted “NO”
“YES” = sovereignty-association
proposed that Québec become politically independent, yet maintain a close economic association with Canada
Trudeau – made impassioned speeches urging the people of Quebec to remain part of a strong, united, and forward-looking Canada.
Trudeau promised to
negotiate a new
Constitution should
the “No” side win
RESULT –
40% voted “YES”
60% voted “NO”

37. “Patriating” the Constitution (Trudeau’s Can of Worms)
Trudeau’s intention:
BNA Act had been Canada’s constitution since 1867 – but fell under British jurisdiction – no changes could be made without the British Parliament’s approval
Trudeau wanted to patriate the Constitution (bring it home to Canada), where Canadian gov. would have the authority to make changes;
also wanted to include a Charter of Rights and Freedoms – but needed approval of provinces

38. Negotiations with Provinces
It was very difficult to get all provinces, with their differing opinions and interests, to agree
Federal Justice Minister, Jean Chrétien created what became known as the “Kitchen Compromise”
9/10 premiers awakened in their hotel rooms to approve the deal – because Lévesque was staying at a different hotel he does not sign!

39. Negotiations with Provinces7
out of
Finally, they agree on something!!
Amending formula reached – changes to the Constitution would be made only with the agreement of 7/10 provincial legislatures representing 50%
of Canada’s population 10 +
50%
of the population

40. Constitution Act
On April 17, 1982 – the new Constitution Act was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II and PM Trudeau outside the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa
Quebec never signs!!!
But Canada now a completely independent nation
As the rest of the country celebrated – flags flew at half mast in Québec; Lévesque led angry demonstration in Québec City
Unreconciled Provinces - Trudeau

41. Constitution Debate - Mulroney
Mulroney beomes PM
Conservative Party in power
Mulroney wants to negotiate with Quebec to get them back on board.
He is willing to compromise more than Trudeau
Why>?
PM Mulroney
Examples: Newfoundland (fisheries) and Alberta (oil) – wanted more control of their own resources & wanted reforms to Senate that would allow their provinces to have a stronger voice in Ottawa

42. Western Alienation
Came to a head again over a contract to repair air force jets – multibillion $ contract
Awarded to the Bombardier company of Montreal, even though Bristol Aerospace of Winnipeg had made a better proposal
felt gov. wanted to “buy” Conservative votes in Quebec
RESPONSE – Reform Party formed in 1987 to be the voice of western Canada
Preston Manning

43. Meech Lake Accord
1987 – PM Mulroney called the premiers to a conference at Meech Lake
New Constitution
offered to recognize Quebec as a “distinct society”
proposed giving more power to the other provinces – ie. All would have power to veto Constitutional change
Equality or Independence? Trudeau
Special Status for PQ – Trudeau

44. Meech Lake Accord - 1987 Quebec supported Accord
Response:
Quebec supported Accord
many critics – especially Trudeau – said that the designation of Quebec as a distinct society would create “two solitudes” in Canada – it would isolate the Francophones of Quebec
other people worried that the clause could be used for Quebec to override the Charter and deprive specific groups of their rights

45. Meech Lake Accord
Lucien Bouchard – powerful Quebec member of Mulroney’s Cabinet
resigned in protest and formed the Bloc Québécois – political party that would run in federal elections to support the aim of Quebec separation

46. The Charlottetown Accord
Eventually – Mulroney & the premiers came up with another package of proposed Constitutional amendments – the Charlottetown Accord

47. Charlottetown Accord 2. answered Quebec’s concerns
1. Proposed Senate Reform – making it elected with equal representation from all parts of the country (West wanted this)
2. answered Quebec’s concerns
3. supported Aboriginal self- government
put to a national referendum in October, 1992
54.5% of voters rejected it
problem: so many clauses, each designed to please a different group – easy to find fault
greatest opposition – BC – 68.3% voted “NO”

48. Growing Feelings of Separatism
1993 – Bloc Quebecois became the Official Opposition in Canadian federal government

49. 1995 Referendum
second referendum to ask voters in Quebec whether Quebec should secede from Canada and become an independent state.
1995 referendum differed from the 1980 referendum on Quebec's sovereignty in that the 1980 question proposed to negotiate "sovereignty-association" with the Canadian government
the 1995 question proposed "sovereignty", along with an optional partnership offer to the rest of Canada.

50. 1995 Referendum
The referendum took place in Quebec on October 30, 1995, and the motion to decide whether Quebec should secede from Canada was defeated by an extremely small margin:
50.58% "No"
49.42% "Yes"

51. First Nations in Quebec
In preparation for a "Yes" victory, aboriginal peoples in Quebec strongly affirmed their own right to self determination.
First Nations Chiefs articulated that forcing them to join an independent Quebec would violate international law.
In the final week of the referendum campaign, they would insist on being full participants in any new constitutional negotiations resulting from the referendum.
voted overwhelmingly against Quebec independence on the eve of the referendum.

52. 1998 Supreme Court Decision
Supreme Court Rules that Quebec did not have the right to separate unilaterally (to decide by itself) from Canada
Quebec would have to negotiate with the federal government, the 9 other provinces, and the Aboriginal peoples living in Quebec
Also – any referendums had to have a “clear majority” that voted “yes” to a “clear question”

53. Summary: Referendums (1980, 1995) NO!
Constitutional Debates – Confusing Mess
Meech Lake Accord – End of Mulroney
Western Alienation – BC’s Rights?
First Nations Right to Self- Determination

55. Poetry Break!!! – Select one of the following types of poems and write a meaningful depiction of French-English relations in 20th Century Canada.
Haiku: 3 lines, 17 syllables
Line 1 – 5 Syllables Line 2 – 7 Syllables Line - 5 Syllables
Limerick: 5 lines. Farfetched and unusual content
Rhyme scheme: Lines 1,2,5 rhyme and lines 3,4 rhyme.
Free Verse: No meter or rhyme scheme. Open to creativity.
Riddle: Describes something without actually naming it.