1. Cardiovascular Disease-17
-a disease that affects the heart or blood vessels-can begin during the teen years
-Responsible for 40% of U.S.Deaths a year-killing more then a million Americans per year.
3 Types Of Muscle:
1-Skeletal
2-Smooth
3-Cardiac
Circulation: The flow of blood
Types of Circulation:
1-Systemic-To and from all the body systems
2-Pulmonary- To and from the lungs
3- Cardiac- to and through the heart
Functions Of the Circulatory System:
1- regulates temperature in the body
2- transports important nutrients to the body’s cells
3- fights infections
Arteries: Transport blood away from the heart-usually Oxygen rich blood
Veins: transports blood towards the heart –usually Oxygen poor blood
Cardiovascular Disease Unit

2. Cardiovascular Disease-18
Chambers of The Heart (4):
2 upper Chambers called “ATRIA”-collect blood-a Right and Left
2 Lower chambers called “VENTRICLES”- pump blood out of the heart-Right and Left
Valves: 1 way valves prevent blood from flowing back into a chamber
SA node AV node- pacemakers
Circulation In The Heart:
-blood that has been depleted of O2 and contains carbon dioxide and waste is carried to the heart by the way of 2 blood vessels called “The Vena Cava”.
-This blood enters the RT atrium and then into the RT Ventricle.
-The blood is pumped into the Lungs.
-In the lungs the blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up O2 from inhaled air.
-The blood which is newly oxygenated is returned to the heart via the LT atrium and then into the LT ventricle and pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body via the “AORTA”.

3. BLOOD PRESSURE
Hypertension: a term that refers to “HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE”
“Silent Killer’-no symptoms to an Avg. age of 35
Estimate 1/3 of Americans have hypertension
Blood Pressure: measured by a Sphygmomanometer ( Blood Pressure cuff.)
Systolic Pressure; measures the pressure in a blood vessel during ventricular contraction
**Highest force placed on a blood vessel
Diastolic Pressure: measures the pressure placed on a blood vessel when a ventricle is relaxed.
** lowest force placed on a blood vessel
Systolic
Diastolic
Normal Range Of BP: 120 systolic over 80 diastolic
High Range Of BP: 140 systolic over 90 diastolic

4. Heart Rate Heart Rate; heart beats per minute- “BPM’s”
Normal RHR beats per minute
Maximum Heart Rate=220-(age)
Target Heart Rate- when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60 to 85 percent of your maximum heart rate. Where You want to be for cardiovascular exercise.
Target Heart Rate (HR) Zone ( %)
Predicted Maximum HR – – –
70 90 –
Check 10 second pulse to find out current HR Increase exercise if needed
Your Actual Values
(Actual values are determined from a graded exercise test)
Target HR: Max. HR:

5. Cardiovascular Disease-20
Cholesterol- most of the time your body produces enough cholesterol. It is produced in the liver or obtained from animal fats. It is a substance that is needed to insulate nerve fibers and functions of the central nervous system. Excess levels become plaque. Can not dissolve in the bloodstream.
Triglycerides: derivatives of sugars, excess leads to adhering on artery walls-
Carbohydrates contain triglycerides.
Transporters of Cholesterol:
HDL’s- (Good) Transport excess cholesterol out of your blood and brings it to the liver to be filtered out.
LDL’s- (Bad) Take Cholesterol from our liver or intestines ( after we eat) and put it directly into your blood.
Aspirins Effect On the Body: Thins our blood-blood flows easier through the blood vessels.
Fibrillation: a spasm or no contraction of the heart muscle
Defibrillation: an electronic shock that starts the heart muscle into its normal beat.

6. Cardiovascular Disease-19
Atherosclerosis: build up of plaque on artery walls. Specific concerns about the Coronary Artery
-Plaque comes from Cholesterol or Triglycerides
Arteriosclerosis: “ Hardening” of an artery due to atherosclerotic build up.-Reduces the vessels elasticity

7. Cardiovascular Disease-21
Myocardial Infarction- Heart attack most common cause of heart attack-a heart attack caused by a blockage of the coronary artery
Coronary Artery Disease
Congestive Heart Failure: heart does not pump blood effectively and blood backs up into the lungs-drowns the person Failure of the ventricle
Angina Pectoris: Need for oxygen exceeds supply causing a tightness or a feeling of pressure in the chest-feels like a heart attack. Oxygen Capacity-Normal 93% Less-Angina
Stroke- an acute injury where blood flow to the brain is interrupted
 F.A.S.T.

8. Cardiovascular 22
Bypass Surgery: healthy arteries are taken from elsewhere in the body to bypass a blockage.
Angiography: a thin flexible tube is guided through the blood vessels then dye is injected into the blood stream and blocked arteries are located on a monitor.
Stent : plastic tube put in at the sight of the blockage to keep the diameter of the blood vessel in tact
EKG: (electrocardiogram)-measures the electrical activity of the heart

9. Angioplasty: tube is inserted into a blocked artery
Angioplasty: tube is inserted into a blocked artery. The balloon is inflated against the artery walls then deflated and removed.

10. Risk Factors For Heart Disease:
Risk Factor: Anything that increases your chance for heart disease
Controllable: ( treatable, modifiable, change lifestyle, or take medications)
Uncontrollable: can’t be changed

11. Cardiovascular Disease-23
Controllable:
1-Tobacco Smoke: smokers develop heart disease 2-4X more then non-smokers
2-High Blood Cholesterol
3-High Blood Pressure- increases the hearts workload-causing the heart to become thicker and stiffer.
4-Physical Inactivity
5- Obesity/Overweight
6-Diabetes-3/4 people with diabetes die of some form of heart disease or blood vessel disease
7-Stress-may cause overeating/smoking or smoke more then usual
8-Alcohol-high triglycerides/irregular heartbeat
Uncontrollable:
1-Age: 65 years or older 83% chance of heart attack
2-Gender- men higher risk of heart attack then women-especially earlier in life
3-Heridity/Race