1. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective One

2. Functions of Blood Transportation Regulation Protection Gases
Nutrients
Wastes
Regulation
Body temperature
Hormone transport
Protection
Immunity

3. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Two

4. Plasma
Plasma is the fluid matrix of the blood, comprising 50-55% of its volume
Plasma is 90% water, with the remaining 10% being made up of the solutes and particles that are dissolved in it

5. Plasma Plasma solutes fall in five categories: + plasma proteins (8%)
+ metabolic wastes
+ electrolytes
+ gases
+ nutrients

6. Plasma
Serum is plasma minus the plasma proteins responsible for clotting

7. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Three

8. Blood Cells

9. Blood Cells

10. Blood Cells

11. Blood Cells

12. Blood Cells

13. Blood Cells

14. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Four

15. Blood Cell Agglutination

16. Blood Cell Agglutination

17. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Five

18. Hemostasis

19. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Six

20. These eight conditions were presented in the discussions of Objectives Three, Four and Five.

21. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Seven

22. Heart Conduction

23. Anatomy & Physiology II Objective Eight and Nine
Unit Two
Objective Eight and Nine

24. The ECG (Electrocardiogram)

25. The Cardiac Cycle

26. The ECG and the Heart

27. Anatomy & Physiology II Objective Ten and Eleven
Unit Two
Objective Ten and Eleven

28. Heart Conditions
Heart murmurs - abnormal heart sounds produced by the irregular movement of blood through the heart
Valve stenosis and septal defect are two of the most common causes of murmurs

29. Heart Conditions
Bradycardia - having a resting cardiac rate of less than 60bpm
Tachycardia - having a resting cardiac rate of greater than 100bpm

30. Heart Conditions
Ischemic tissue - tissue that does not receive adequate amounts of oxygen due to inadequate blood flow
Coronary thrombosis - an abnormally formed clot in a coronary artery

31. Heart Conditions
Angina pectoris - chest pain caused by high levels of lactic acid due to myocardial ischemia
Myocardial infarction - “heart attack” caused by prolonged ischemia

32. Heart Conditions
Congestive heart failure is a condition caused by the failure of the ventricles to eject blood effectively, thereby causing edema

33. Anatomy & Physiology II Objective Twelve and Thirteen
Unit Two
Objective Twelve and Thirteen

34. Cardiac Output
Cardiac output - the volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle
Stroke volume - the volume of blood pumped per beat by each ventricle
Cardiac rate - the number of beats produced by the heart per minute
Therefore: CO = SV X CR

35. Control of Cardiac Rate
Cardiac rate is controlled by two extrinsic factors
Autonomic nervous control
Hormonal control
The average cardiac resting rate is 70bpm

36. Control of Stroke Volume
Stroke volume is controlled by three variables, two intrinsic and one extrinsic
End diastolic volume (EDV)
Contractility
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
The average stroke volume is 70-80mls per beat

37. Control of Stroke Volume
The Frank-Starling Law states that the relationship between stroke volume, EDV and contractility is an intrinsic property of the heart
If TPR increases, stroke volume decreases, resulting in an increased EDV for the next cycle
If EDV increases, contractility increases, and therefore stroke volume increases

38. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Fourteen

39. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure - the pressure exerted on the vessels of the circulatory system
Systolic pressure - pressure exerted on the arteries during systole

40. Blood Pressure
Diastolic pressure - pressure exerted on the arteries during diastole
Pulse pressure - systolic pressure minus the diastolic pressure

41. Blood Pressure
Mean arterial pressure - the diastolic pressure plus one third the pulse pressure

42. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure decreases as blood moves away from the heart
Therefore, arteries are under the highest pressure, while capillaries and veins are subjected to little or no pressure

43. Blood Pressure Blood pressure is influenced by three main factors:
* cardiac output
* peripheral resistance
* blood volume
This can be expressed by:
BP = CO X PR

44. Poiseuille’s Law Pr4() L(8) Blood flow =
Vessel length and blood viscosity do not change significantly, therefore the most important variable in changing blood flow is vessel radius

45. Control of Blood Volume
Blood volume is the amount of plasma and formed elements
Therefore, blood volume is most easily changed by increasing or decreasing the amount of water

46. Control of Blood Volume
Increasing blood volume would increase EDV and therefore stroke volume
Decreasing blood volume would decrease EDV and therefore stroke volume

47. Control of Blood Volume
Blood volume is regulated by ADH and
aldosterone
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) promotes thirst & water retention

48. Control of Blood Volume Increased blood volume
Adrenal cortex 
Aldosterone
salt retention
(water retention)
Increased blood volume
Aldosterone promotes salt retention, which will lead to water retention

49. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Fifteen

50. The Baroreceptor Reflex
Integrating
Center
Sensor
Effectors
Stimulus
Response

51. The Baroreceptor Reflex

52. Blood Pressure Regulation Through Resistance Changes
Angiotensin II - compound produced in the blood during times of low blood volume or pressure
This is an example of extrinsic control

53. Blood Pressure Regulation Through Resistance Changes
Sympathetic enervation - causes vasoconstriction and increases cardiac output
Parasympathetic enervation - causes limited vasodilation and decreases cardiac output
These are examples of extrinsic control

54. Blood Pressure Regulation Through Resistance Changes
Myogenic action - direct responses of vascular smooth muscle in response to changes in pressure
Metabolic changes - decreases in oxygen or pH, and increases in carbon dioxide lead to localized vasodilation
These are examples of intrinsic control

55. Anatomy & Physiology II
Unit Two
Objective Sixteen

56. Arterial Pathology
Atherosclerosis – the blockage of vessels by plaques leading to
inadequate
blood supply

57. Arterial Pathology
Shock - rapid drop in blood pressure due to a variety of causes
There are four types of shock:
~ hypovolemic
~ anaphylactic
~ neurogenic
~ cardiogenic

58. Arterial Pathology
Hypertension - high arterial blood pressure (systolic above 140mmHg)
Hypertension types:
~ primary (essential)
~ secondary

59. Arterial Pathology
Hypotension - low arterial blood pressure (systolic below 100mmHg)
Aneurysm - a blood filled sac found on arteries where the arterial wall is weakened