1. URBAN GEOGRAPHY

2. Urban Geography
Focuses on how cities function, their internal structures, and external influences on them
Urban area: nucleated, and people that work there perform non-agricultural jobs
Nucleated: one or more clear core areas
Suburbs: nucleated, but use much more land space for residents that work in the cities

3. Cultural and Artistic pursuits Centers of education and research
Attributes of Cities
Centers of political power
Centers of industrial power
Centers of technology
A market place for goods
Specialization in products and services
Services of all types
Medical advances
Cultural and Artistic pursuits
Centers of education and research
Entertainment of all types
Sports teams, arenas and parks
An anchor of society

4. Urbanized Areas
Continuously built-up landscapes of buildings and populations so that political boundaries are vague
Metropolitan Area: large-scale functional entity that operates as an integrated economic whole
Metropolitan Statistical Area: a central county or counties with at least one urbanized area of 50,000 people or more
Micropolitan Statistical Area: smaller version; contains 10,000 to 50,000 people

5. Central Business District
CBD—nucleus or “downtown” of a city
Retail, offices, cultural activities, public buildings, mass transit converge, land values high, high priced land/high rises,
No manufacturing (usually)
In U.S….little residential; in Europe, you get wealthy residents

6. Urban Hierarchy
Is a ranking of cities based on size and functional complexity
Measure the numbers and kinds of functions each city provides (remember range and threshold)
Pyramid…with a few large complex cities at the top and many smaller at the bottom

7. Hamlet-small collection of houses-may have services.
Village-several dozen services-stores, gas stations and so forth
Town-larger than a village-higher level of specialization-banks, schools, libraries, specialized stores-furniture, appliances, hardware, etc.
City-more functional specialization-larger hinterland, greater centrality, well defined CBD and suburbs
Metropolis or Metropolitan area-urban area larger than a city
Megalopolis-when large metropolises coalesce into a megacity, e.g. Boston to New York
Note that some names can be deceiving-villages is used since it sounds friendlier than city of or town of

8. Rank-Size Rule
Large countries…balanced development …and usually an advanced economy …usually an MDC
The nth largest city of a national system of cities will be 1/n the size of the largest city
Largest city
2nd largest is ½ the size
4th largest is ¼ the size
U.S. and a handful of other countries

9. Primate City
A city that is far more than twice the size of the second-ranked city. The capital cities of many LDCs display that kind of overwhelming primacy.
Dominant city…can also happen in MDCs
Sign of lack of balance
Often relates to colonialism

10. World Cities
Internationally dominant centers that together control the global systems of finance and commerce.
New York, Tokyo, London

11. Urban Models

12. Modeling the North American City
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model
(Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

13. Classic Models of Urban Structure
Ernest Burgess-1925 Concentric Zone Model based on studies of Chicago.
CBD-financial, retail, theater, museums etc.
Transition to residential with deterioration-some light industry
Blue collar labor housing
Middle class residential
Suburban ring
Burgess was a University of Chicago professor of Sociology who studied the culture and urban structure of Chicago.
The dynamic inner ring grew and encroached on zones 2 &3
Zone 2 transition between CBD & residential with rooming houses, small apartments, tenements for low income, slums & skid row, some ethnic ghettos
Zone 3 Workingmen’s quarters-ethnic neighborhoods of blue collar immigrant workers who moved out of zone 2 in flats or single family dwellings
Zone 4 better middle class housing
Zone 5 commuter zone of higher income families in suburbs or furthest extent of trolley lines

14. Functional Zonation
The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions).
Cairo, Egypt
Central city (above)
Housing projects (right)

15. Classic Models of Urban Structure
Homer Hoyt-1939 Sector Model based on studies of 142 US cities.
Pie-shaped wedges created by Hoyt compensated for the drawbacks of the Ring Model
Low Rent areas & High Rent areas could extend to the outer edge
Transportation and industrial zones accounted for the sectors
Hoyt was an economist who studied housing date for 142 American cities and presented his Sector Model in 1939

16. Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities)
Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman Multiple Nuclei Sector Model 1945 showed that CBD is not the sole force in creating land-use patterns.
They said that Concentric Rings & Pie-shaped models had drawbacks as CBDs were losing dominance
Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities)
Suburbanization accelerated the change with shopping malls and mass transit
The multiple nuclei model takes into account the various factors of decentralization that are taking place.

17. Chicago grew from 30,000 in 1850 to 500,000 by 1861 and
2.3 million by 1911.
Chicago experienced explosive growth in the late 19th century.
4 square miles of the city were destroyed in the 1871 Fire
Rapidly rebuilt with the industrialists taking the opportunity to build impressive new structures downtown-birth of the skyscraper. The City’s economic and social elite colonized the Lake Michigan shore, while heavy industry, warehouses and rail yards crowded the banks of the Chicago River.
To the south the Union Stockyards and a pocket of heavy industry developed where the Calumet River met Lake Michigan. All around were the homes of working families-neighborhoods spread rapidly outward as wave after wave of immigrants arrived.
Chicago’s Edge Cities

18. Galactic Cities Model (Periphery Model)
The galactic city model, also known as the peripheral model, was created in the 1960s by Chauncy Harris who also co-authored the multiple nuclei model. ... It has a rapidly growing suburb, and an increasing number of edge cities. A city that is based on this model is very decentralized, this is again due to urban sprawl.

19. Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.
By 1970 the outer cities were becoming increasingly independent with their own CBDs that duplicated functions of the central city. Regional shopping centers, business and industrial parks developed in the suburban areas due to cheaper land prices and the availability of customers or workers. T. Hartshorn and P. O. Muller described the new urban realms in “Suburban Downtowns and the Transformation of Metropolitan Atlanta’s Business Landscape” in Urban Geography 1989
Post WWII-rapid expansion of
cities and suburbs led to Edge
Cities with their own CBD

20. The European City
Western European cities are more compact than Canadian cities
Same size in pop. As US cities, but smaller in land area
European govt. are proactive in maintaining healthy CBDs
No sprawl-suburbs are too far out to compete with CBD
Greenbelts preserve the central city from close suburban development
Very high fuel costs discourage suburban development
Central cities are clogged with cars, but mass transit, bikes, and walking are relied on for transportation
Zoning rules are strictly enforced and highway and beltway construction lags.
Fuel in Europe is about 3X the cost of gas in the US

21. The European City
London-6.4 m., Paris 10.2 m., Rome, Berlin, Madrid and Athens are megacities by world standards
These are historic cities not impacted by the Industrial Revolution
British Midlands & German Ruhr valley cities are very different-smaller & heavily industrialized-destroyed in WWII
Paris, Athens and Lisbon are Primate cities
London-view of Parliament Building

22. The European City-Greenbelts
London’s Central city is the same size it was in 1960
Greenbelts were est. to counteract ill effects of Ind. Rev.
Open countryside over 20 miles wide has scattered towns, but no extensive suburban areas
Many urban parks maintain a green areas within the city

23. During the second half of the 20th century…
Nature of manufacturing changed and locations changed, too. Many factories have been abandoned, creating “rust belts” out of once-thriving industrial districts.
Duisburg, Germany

24. Paris skyline-note old section of city maintained-no skyscrapers here
Berlin-historic buildings montage
Nordlingen, Germany walled 14th century city

25. The Eastern European City
Eastern European & Russian cities were turned into microdistricts by communist planning
Old primate and historical cities were ignored
Huge dominant square & wide radiating avenues fronted by huge apartment complexes with factories, schools, shops & so on.
No need for CBD, mass commuting or suburbs
Budapest, Hungary Microdistricts

26. The Eastern European City
Large 7 to 11 story complexes were rapidly built of shoddy material with no decoration-ugly and depressing
Moscow’s growing pop. (11 m.) lives in microdistricts that radiate out from Red Square.
St. Petersburg was rebuilt in the ugly socialist style after heavy damage in World War II
Red Square in Kremlin during a May Day Parade in the 1970s when The Soviet Union still existed

27. The Eastern European City
Lower Left-Microdistricts in East Berlin as seen through broken Berlin Wall in early 1990s
Upper Right-Budapest Microdistricts
Lower Left-Poprad, Slovakia with Tatra Mts. in the background

28. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
Latin American City
(Griffin-Ford model)
African City (de Blij model)
Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

29. Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
sharp contrast between rich and poor
- Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws

30. The Ibero-American City
Latin American cities are growing rapidly-1950= 41% urban, % urban
CBD dominates the center with 2 main divisions-traditional market and modern high rises
A commercial spine and axis of business is surrounded by elite residential housing
Griffin-Ford model

31. The Ibero-American City
The spine is an extension of the CBD with offices, shops, high class housing, restaurants, theaters, & parks
Zone of Maturity-Middle class housing 2nd best
Zone of In Situ Accretion-high pop. Density of modest housing
Periphery-Periferico-high density shanty towns of extreme poverty and no services (favelas)
Mexico City-Paseo de Reforma a major boulevard from the CBD
Favela of Rio de Janeiro on a hillside
Unlike America cities-the poverty areas are concentrated in squatter settlements on the outskirts of town-the poorest live the farthest from the CBD

32. The African City
African cities often have 3 CBDs=Colonial, Traditional and Periodic Market Zone
Sub-Saharan Africa is the least urbanized area of the world, but the most rapidly urbanizing
No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans
de Blij model

33. The African City
No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans
South African cities-Johannesburg, Cape Town & Durbin are western cities with elements of European and American models-high rise CBDs and sprawling suburbs
Nairobi, Kenya

34. The Southeast Asian City
SE Asia-rapid growth of population & cities % urban, 1990s-29% urban
Most growth in coastal cities like Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)
Old colonial port zone surrounds the commercial district
Unlike Western cities-no formal business zone, but separate clusters
McGee model

35. The Southeast Asian City
Singapore-Container Port
Malaysia-Kuala Lumpur-Petronas Towers-highest building in the world if you count the antenna towers
Malaysia is building a new capital city 25 miles south of Kuala Lumpur

36. Ethnic Neighborhoods European City eg. Muslim neighborhoods in Paris
Cities of the Periphery and Semiperiphery
eg. Mumbai, India

37. Mumbai, India