1. B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology
6.0 Fuels: Oil/Natural Gas
Frank R. Leslie,
B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology
1/28/2010, Rev
(321)
Rootsweb.ancestry.com

2. High speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida
In Other News . . .
Chrysler developing ENVI plug-in hybrid vehicle drive for many models, but Fiat may own them by then
Large oil companies are under Federal ruling on January 20, 2009 in the Southern District of Florida because of ethanol-containing boat fuel. The fuel destroys fiberglass fuel tanks, absorbs water and phase separation. --- Maritime Reporter 1/27/09
Lawsuit filed in Tampa to recover damages Jan., could be huge settlement
Pres. Obama stated that he wants offshore oil drilling in the State of the Union address, also nuclear plus weatherization of buildings
High speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida
100128

3. 6. Events: Oil and Coal-to-Liquids (CTL)
1955 South African Sasol CTL started
1973 Arab oil embargo due to Israel-Egypt Six-Day War
1981 Saudi Ghawar field peaked at 5.7Mbbl/day
1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait
1991 First Gulf War
3/19/2003 US invades Iraq
2005 Kuwait’s second largest Burgan field exhausted, 1.7Mbbl/day
10/2008 Crude hits $147/bbl intraday high
2009 Crude oil falls to $33
1/20/2009 Crude oil at $38, $46 on 1/23/09, $73 1/2010
Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created.
Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it.
Nuclear and geothermal energies aren’t renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large.
100124

4. 6.0.1 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas
Petroleum or crude oil is a complex hydrocarbon mixture (mostly gasoline) that is refined to get its constituents or feedstock for chemical transformations
Oil (crude) and natural gas are often found in the same area, and thus are treated together in this presentation
Oil provides our principal transportation fuels of gasoline and diesel, while natural gas provides heating
Coal-to-liquids results in primarily gasoline-like fluids and is just mentioned here
Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created.
Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it.
Nuclear and geothermal energies aren’t renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large.
100128

5. 6.0 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas Reserves
Nonrenewable energies come from combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. Their creation took millions of years, and we are using it faster than it was produced and faster than it is being created.
Renewable energies come from the sun. Collection is from natural occurrences. While the energy is free, it costs money to collect it.
Nuclear and geothermal energies aren’t renewable but are treated that way since the quantity is so large.
Revised
Ref.: National Energy Technology Lab. Why Combustion? CD_ROM
Quads normalize the energy

6. 6.0 About This Presentation
6.1 Oil Consumption
6.2 Oil Refining
6.3 Natural Gas
6.4 Natural Gas Turbine Peaking Power
6.5 Oil/Gas Reserves
6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation
Conclusion
100124

7. 6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart
6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart
Petroleum Flow,  2006 (Million Barrels per Day)
Source:   Oil Market Basics
100128

8. 6.1.1 Amount of oil to be produced and consumed
The World consumption of oil was some 74,500,000 barrels of oil per day in 2000
What does this large number represent, and how can we relate to it? [What do 2 million Mac hamburgers look like?]
Some interesting figures follow by permission of Jim Woodfin, former Chair of the Sierra Club Turtle Coast Group, Melbourne FL (January, 2003 group meeting)
100124

9. 6.1.1.1 Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
How can we relate to such large numbers?
74,500,000 Barrels Per Day (year 2000)
3,129,000,000 Gallons Per Day
130,375,000 Gallons Per Hour
2,172,917 Gallons Per Minute
36,215 Gallons Per Second
030129

10. 6.1.1.2a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in West Brevard County
? Gal/Sec – St. Johns Melbourne, Florida
Revised

11. 6.1.1.2b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in the St. Johns River?
? Gal/Sec – St. Johns Melbourne, Florida
River Flow gallons/second 3,115 average
9,000 high
Water digitally “replaced” with oil
100124

12. 6.1.1.3a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil
? Gal/Sec – St. Johns Jacksonville FL
Revised

13. 6.1.1.3b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil
? Gal/Sec – St. Johns Jacksonville FL
43,610 gallons/second
A little too much!
070121

14. 6.1.1.4a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil
How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee? (1,200,000,000,000 gallons)
Revised

15. 6.1.1.4b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption
36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil
How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee? (1,200,000,000,000 gallons)
394 days
Revised

16. 6.1.2.1 Oil History – A chronology
Oil was first discovered in ancient times, and asphalt was used to caulk the seams of ships
1814 First oil well in Caldwell, Ohio discovered oil instead of salt water; Darn! (:-((
1829 Oil discovered in Burkesville KY; 50,000 bbls total; they wanted salt water − Why? Hint: food
1850 Samuel Kerr distilled oil shale to produce oil
1857 E. L. Drake hired to drill for industrial oil in Pennsylvania
1866 First “gusher” in Texas
1866 PA oil was about $6 a barrel (~$35, 2004; $73, 2010)
1901 Lucas Spindletop “gusher” near Beaumont, Texas, and “Big Oil” began
100128

17. 6.1.2 Old Oil Well Field in Pennsylvania
See for a 3-D photo; adjust browser photo width to match your eye spacing, stare at infinity, and watch the well pop into 3-D
There are perhaps 20 stereopticon slides at this site

18. 6.1.2.2 Oil History – A chronology
1901 Oil found in Louisiana
1905 Oil found in California
1920 Chevron-Texaco prospecting in the Middle East
1932 California Arabian Standard Oil Company found oil in Bahrain
1938 SOCAL discovered oil at Damman, Kuwait
In the 1950s, oil and natural gas replaced coal due to the lower pollution and ease of use; natural gas predominated
Oil is produced mainly in Saudi Arabia, Russia, and US
Some important products are plastics, detergents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, paint rubber, epoxies, recording disks, Crayons
Known reserves will be economically gone in mid-21st century (2050)
090124

19. Crude oil contains many compounds; not homogenous
6.2 Oil Refining
Crude oil contains many compounds; not homogenous
Refining separates the various compounds by evaporation temperature (fractional distillation)
Conversion causes chemical changes to make a different product by recombining the molecular chains
Methane (CH4), 1 C; propane, 3C; butane, 4C; pentane, 5C; hexane, 6C; heptane, 7C; octane, 8C
Octane rating is percentage of octane mixed with heptane and determines pre-ignition point in a standard engine (knocking is bad for the engine)
See for a good animated drawing of distilling crude oil
090124

20. 6.2.1 Crude Oil is A Complex Mixture!
The mixture contains many useful products that must be refined out of the crude oil
Distillate fuel oil is “diesel” oil or home heating oil
Gasoline, a complex mixture, is much of the barrel
090124

21. 6.2.9 Will Oil Shale Save Us?
Colorado mined a lot in ~1970s before cheap oil returned
From Peoples Gas briefing to FECC

22. 6.3 Natural Gas (NG) History – A chronology
yr BCE Gas seeps discovered in Iran
Marco Polo saw gas seeps in 1264 at Baku
"Eternal Fires of the Apsheron Peninsula“
1659 Gas discovered in England
1815 NG found in US while digging a well for salt brine
1859 Fredonia Gas Light Co. formed (West New York)
1860 Liquefied natural gas used as a portable fuel
1885 Coffee roasted by NG and air flame
1905 NG discovered in California
1918 Texas well produced 70 million cubic feet of gas per day
090124

23. 6.3.1 Natural Gas Heating Values
State
Location
Btu/cu. ft. KS
Leavenworth
964 MO
Kansas City
967 LA
Caddo Parish
1039 OK
Park City
1076 CA
Los Angeles
1108 TX
Abilene
1129 OH
Cleveland
1150 WV
Charleston
1172
Kiefer
1272
Heat content affects the price (true of hot peppers, too! [see Scoville units])
Zerban and Nye, 1952
100124

24. 6.3.2 Butane, Propane, Etc. Energy Densities
Name
Composition
Btu/lb
Propane
C3H8
21690
Butane
C4H10
21340
Coke-oven gas
19320
Blast-furnace gas
1208
Water gas (coke)
mixture of CO and H2
6600
Gasoline
C8H18 (C6H14 to C12H26)
20336
JP-4 jet fuel
95% kerosene
18725
No. 2 fuel oil
C14H30 to C20H42
19440
Hydrogen H2
61100
Crude oil, Avg. US
mixture
19589
Harder, 1982; Zerban and Nye, 1952
060115

25. $200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95
6.4.1 Gas Turbine Peaking Systems such as Oleander Energy Plant at Cocoa FL
$200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95
Located close to gas pipeline and transmission lines
Five 150 MW aeroderivative gas turbines spin generators (derived from aircraft engines)
Muffled hot exhaust is directed straight up into the air
A more-efficient design would use heat recovery steam generators to cool the exhaust by making steam
That type of combined cycle plant would not qualify under the previous PURPA law, so that wasn’t built
PURPA was intended for solar and wind energy systems, but was written inadvertently such that other merchant plants could be licensed; “unintended consequences”
100128

26. 6.4.2 Oleander Energy Plant -- 600 MW
5 x 160 MW
The turbine is directly coupled to the generator and jointly turns at 3,600 RPM. The first four combustion turbines produce electricity at 18,000 volts before being “stepped up” in a transformer to 230,000 volts for transmission, while the 5th combustion turbine produces electricity at 18,000 volts before being “stepped up” in a transformer to 138,000 volts for transmission.
Now owned by the Southern Company
090127

27. 6.4.3 The Mighty Snow Natural Gas Engine
This Snow engine ran on natural gas in a New Jersey water plant
It produced 400hp, less than some SUVs
It’s now in the Florida Flywheelers Museum near Ft. Meade, FL
(Sorry, I could only get the right end in the photo)
Photo by F. Leslie, 2003
Feb 24 thru 28, th Annual Antique Engine & Tractor Show

28. 6.5.1 Estimated Crude Oil Reserves
Production Oil in billion barrels to May 2009
hslu.wordpress.com/2009/08/13
100128

29. 6.5.1 US Imported Crude Oil --- 2003
Crude Oil Imports (Top 15 Countries) (Thousand Barrels per Day)
Country
Nov-09
Oct-09
YTD 2009
Nov-08
YTD 2008
CANADA
1,984
1,858
1,927
2,028
1,949
MEXICO
951
1,015
1,099
1,296
1,192
NIGERIA
948
853
748
775
927
SAUDI ARABIA
837
938
998
1,487
1,514
VENEZUELA
809
879
983
1,080
1,040
IRAQ
458
499
460
476
636
ANGOLA
408
437
466
450
KUWAIT
287
104
188
292
207
BRAZIL
261
169
304
280
233
ALGERIA
219
327
272
381
319
COLOMBIA
216
282
160
181
RUSSIA
159
238
152
122
ECUADOR
150
174
182
222
210
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
136 32 95
124 75
LIBYA
116 67 66 63 71
100128

30. 6.5.2 Estimated Natural Gas Reserves
Natural Gas in trillion cubic feet
090127

31. 6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation
LNG is vented at ~100 psi
NG is piped to customers at ~0.5 psi
LNG Tankers
Oil Tanker
090127

32. Conclusion: Oil & Natural Gas
Oil is an energy-dense liquid, easy to store and transport, and thus works well in vehicles
Many chemicals are made from oil, thus burning it may prevent a better, higher use for materials
Choices are made from the economics and cost of doing business; supply and demand sets prices
Natural gas is the feedstock for fertilizers, plastics, etc.
97% of hydrogen is now made from natural gas
How can enough hydrogen be made to replace existing transportation fuels?
090127

33. References: Books
Pickens, T. Boone. The First Million is the Hardest. NY: Crown Business, 2008, p. 136.
Harder, Edwin L. Fundamentals of Energy Production. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
Zerban, Alexander H. and Edwin P. Nye. Power Plants. Scranton: International Textbook Co., 1952.
Anon. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2002.
Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, , TJ807.9.U6B76, ’4’0973.
Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991
Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., , TJ820.G57, 621.4’5
Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN , TK1541.P , ’2136
Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN
090124

34. References: Websites, etc.
Woodfin, Jim. Personal communication. Slides on oil rate from a Sierra Club meeting, 1/23/2003
a good animated refining process
______________________________________________________________________________-
Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
solstice.crest.org/
dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html
080121

35. Olin Engineering Complex 4.7 kW Solar PV Roof Array
Questions?
080116

36. Slide stockpile follows!
Older slides follow this one. Look at these if you have interest or time. It’s difficult to decide what to leave out of the lecture to save time!