1. IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
Prepared by: Milan Nepali Josheph B.Sc. Agriculture IAAS Paklihawa Rupandehi,Nepal

2. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
It is one the effective & environmentally sound approach for management of pests.
It is an integrated approach comprising of commonly followed practices, biological methods, mechanical methods, cultural methods.
It aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level therefore finally rational use of chemicals when the population of the pest exceeds economic injury level.
Risk
Benefits

3. History of IPM
The history of IPM is as older as human civilization but the model was simple and less developed than todays.
Initially when the peoples started living in group they also started growing food crops.
Pests became a problem attacked them & their crops.
People started mechanical methods and cultural methods.
tillage to expose & eliminate soil insects
timing of planting, crop rotation
pruning, dusting with sulfur

4. History of IPM (cont’d)
Later these methods were refined in late s.
Better the crop management practices led to higher production and. food security
Slowly mechanization started and green revolution also occurred.
People started commercialization.

5. History of IPM (cont’d)
Pest problems became more severe.
The search for effective control measures of pests started.
Chemical revolution started.
Late 1900’s to 1940’s
People preferred chemicals to tedious physical and chemical methods
Haphazard use of chemicals started.
Pests started showing resistant property
Problem of pests evolved higher than earlier.

6. History of IPM (cont’d)
Chemical era started in mid 1940’s: DDT, organochlorides, organophosphates & carbamates
Sole dependence in chemical started.
In 1962: “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson explaining the environmental and health hazards of chemicals
Late 1960’s to 1970’s:
Plant protection became a greater concern.
Finally IPM evolved out as a concept.
Silent Spring

7. Principles of IPM: Grow healthy crops
Regular monitoring and field visit
Conservation and promotion of natural enemies
Make farmer expert.

8. “To Keep Pests Below the Economic Injury Level”
Cost of control = $ amount of damage caused by the pest
Includes amount of pest damage
Cost of each control practice
Economic threshold level:
Pest Population at which a grower must take action to prevent a pest populations from reaching the economic injury level
Economic threshold is slightly below the economic injury level

10. IPM programs includes:
Four tiered approach:
Set action threshold
Monitor and identify pests
Prevention
Control

11. Set action threshold IPM first sets an action threshold,
a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken.
Sighting a single pest does not always mean control is needed.

12. Monitor and identify pests
Not all insects, weeds, and other living organisms require control.
Monitor for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made.

13. Prevention
focuses on prevention by removing conditions that attract pests, such as food, water, and shelter.
Like removing trash and overgrown vegetation, removing standing water, rotating between different crops, selecting pest-resistant varieties, and planting pest-free rootstock.

14. Control
IPM programs evaluate the proper control method both for effectiveness and risk.
less risky pest controls are chosen first

15. IPM control methods: Biological control Cultural control
Physical and mechanical control
Plant choice
Genetic control
Pheromone control
Chemical control

16. Importance Of IPM: Reduces pest injury to crop.
Helps in identifying, preventing and eliminating the pest.
Reduces pest injury to crop.
emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro- ecosystems.
encourages natural pest control mechanisms.