2. Kingdom: Plantae

3. The World as We Know It Would Not Exist
Without plants
without plants and other photosynthesizers, sunlight would only provide light and heat
Only photosynthesizers can turn sunlight into sugars and body tissues
Oh yeah, and there’d be little to no oxygen either…I like oxygen

5. Characteristics of ALL Plants
Your book says MOST plants are multicellular. This implies that some are unicellular but when I learned it, ALL plants were multi-cellular
If you were unicellular but behaved like a plant…we called you algae and stuck you in the Protist kingdom
to be consistent we’ll include algae I guess

6. Anyway
The combination of being multicellular and photosynthetic is rare outside of the plant kingdom
The most distinctive feature of plants is their reproductive cycle
Plants have a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation

7. Plants Have a Two Generation Life Cycle
This means that plants produce separate diploid and haploid generations that alternate with each other
The diploid generation is called the sporophyte and produces haploid spores by meiosis
These haploid spores grow via mitosis to produce the haploid generation called the gametophyte

8. The Gametophyte plant body...
Is haploid and produces haploid gametes
these gametes fuse to produce a diploid zygote
This zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, thus continuing the life cycle
this life cycle is described as alternation of generations

11. Evolution Connection
The trend seems to be an increase in prominence of the sporophyte generation accompanied by a decreasing size of the gametophyte
me remember them.
good times.

12. Origins of Plants
The ancestors of all plants were most likely photosynthetic, aquatic protists (ancient algae)
Algae appeared about 500 million years ago
they lack true roots, leaves, stems, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers and cones
Algal gametes are shed directly into the water

13. Algae Have complex life cycles
they can vary considerably between and within the different algal divisions

14. In Chara, a green pond algae, the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant
In Fucus, the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant
In Ulva, the sporophyte and gametophyte are visually indistinguishable
In giant kelp, the the the the sporophyte can be hundreds of feet long but the gametophyte is microscopic

16. Algae Are Classified by Their Color
The colors are based on the pigments in the algae
The pigments are usually red or brown
they absorb the green violet and blue light that readily penetrates the water
The combination of these pigments and green chlorophyll gives algae their colors

17. Rhodophyta
These red algae derive their color from red pigments that mask the green chlorophyll
they are mostly marine and always multicellular
Some species deposit calcium carbonate which contributes to the formation of reefs
they are used to produce agar and carrageenan

18. 4000 species

19. Phaeophyta These are the brown algae
They contain brownish yellow pigments
When combined with chlorophyll they make brown to olive-green colors
they almost entirely marine and always multicellular
Some giant kelp beds form undersea forests and provide shelter, food, and breeding areas for a variety of animals

20. 1500 species

21. Chlorophyta Yeah that’s right, it’s green algae
Mostly multi-cellular, there are a few uni-cellular species
Large variety of shapes and sizes
Some even form colonies that are an intermediate form between uni and multi cellularity

23. This is also spyro gyra

24. Ancestral Green Algae Probably Gave Rise to Terrestrial Plants
1. Green algae uses the same types of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as land plants do
2. Green algae store food as starch and have cell walls made of cellulose, similar in composition to those of land plants
3. Most live in fresh water where they were subjected to pressures that led to adaptations for the challenges of life on land

25. How Did Plants Invade Land?
When plants first made the transition to land, it was barren and inhospitable to life
However it was full of sunlight and CO2
These conditions are ideal for plants and coupled with no predators or competitors, plants flourished and diversified

26. Transition From Water to Land Lead to Increased Complexity
What challenges did plants face on land?

27. The Resulting Adaptations
1. Roots or rootlike structures
anchor plant
absorb water and nutrients
2. Vascular tissues
for moving water, nutrients and the products of photosynthesis
3. The polymer lignin
stiffening substance
supports plant’s body

28. continued 4. Waxy cuticle 5. Stomata (singular, stoma)
covers leaves and stems
limits desiccation
5. Stomata (singular, stoma)
pores that open to allow for gas exchange
can close to reduce water loss

31. Protection and Dispersal of Sex Cells and Developing Plants
In aquatic plants and algae gametes and zygotes can be carried by water or they can swim
Life on land does not allow for this
Life on land requires a means for dispersal that does not require water and a way of protecting embryos from desiccating

32. These Challenges Were Met
By pollen, seeds, flowers and fruit
Dry microscopic pollen can be carried by the wind
Flowers entice pollinators
Seeds provide waterproof protection and nourishment for embryos
Fruits are highly instrumental in seed dispersal

33. Two Major Groups of Land Plants
Bryophytes- non-vascular plants
straddles the boundary between land and aquatic life
tracheophytes- Vascular plants
completely adapted to life on land