1. States Questions
Where Did States Come From? What Are Their Advantages Over Empires & City-States?
What Is Sovereignty? How Have The United States And Iran Employed This Concept?
How Are States Defined? Are The Increasing Or Decreasing In Number?
What Are Non-State Entities?
What Is The Organizational Processes Model? What Are Standard Operating Procedures?
What Is The Bureaucratic Politics Model?
How Have These Models Been Employed In Crimson Tide And The Cuban Missile Crisis?

2. History Of The State System
30 Years War & Peace Of Westphalia (1648)
Sovereignty Concept
Each Ruler Can Behave As He/She Wants Internally
Nobody Else’s Place To Meddle In Others’ Internal Policy
Why State?
Hobbesian Leviathan
Tilly: Mix of Coercion & Capital
Coercion: Landed Empires With Poor Economies
Capital: Wealthy City-States With Mercenary Armies
States
Economic Strength: States Tax & Spend Effectively
Military Strength: Citizen Conscripts Fight Better Than Mercs

3. History Of The State System Theory: “The State Made War”
30 Years War & Peace Of Westphalia (1648)
Sovereignty Concept
Each Ruler Can Behave As He/She Wants Internally
Nobody Else’s Place To Meddle In Others’ Internal Policy
Theory: “The State Made War”
Hypothesis: States Dominate Other Forms Of Government
Independent Variable (X): Type Of Government
Dependent Variable (Y): Control Of The International System
Competitors
Coercion: Landed Empires With Poor Economies
Capital: Wealthy City-States Rely On Mercenaries
States Dominate By Combining…
Military Strength: Citizen Conscripts Fight Better Than Mercs
Economic Strength: States Tax & Spend Effectively To Fund War
“War
Made
The State
And The
State
War”
Charles
Tilly

4. Theory: “The State Made War”
Hypothesis: States Dominate Other Forms Of Government
Evidence: How Many Empires & City-States Exist Today?

5. Theory: “War Made The State…”
Hypothesis: Global Wars Increase The Number Of States In The International System
Independent Variable: The Presence Of Global War (Values = Presence/Absence Of Global War)
Dependent Variable: The Number of States
Correlates Of War (University of Michigan) Definition of States
Well-Defined Population (100,000+)
Well-Defined Territory
External Sovereignty
International Diplomatic Recognition
Relationship: Positive (Presence Of War Increases The Number Of States)
Rationale: Wars Destroy Empires & Countries

6. Theory: “War Made The State…”
Exercise: Is There A Relationship Between The Presence Of Global War (IV) & The # of States
End of
World War II
End of World War I
# of States
End of Napoleonic War
End of Cold War

7. Nation-State: Overlap
Non-State Entities
Quasi-States = Borderline Cases
Meet Some Requirements, But Not All
Vatican City, Taiwan, Puerto Rico, Confederacy
Nation
Grouping of People Sharing A Common Culture Which It Claims Is Distinct From Other Cultures
May Be Fragmented Across State Boundaries (Kurdistan)
Multinational State (Canada, Nigeria)
Nation-State: Overlap
State Has Developed Feeling of Nationality
Kurdistan
Nigeria

8. State Models Of Foreign Policymaking
Rational Actor Model
Country Makes Decision As Unitary Actor Employing Rationality
Organizational Processes Model (OPM)
Organizations Within Government Act Separately
Organizations Follow Standard Operating Procedures
SOPs = Do At Time “t” What You Prepared For At Time “t-1”
Little Flexibility
High Predictability
“Organizational Rationality”
Reduces Uncertainty
Organizational Efficiency
SOPs
Are Like
Planned
Football
Plays
(“Blue 42”)

9. More State Models Of Foreign Policymaking
Bureaucratic Politics Model (BPM)
Bureaucracies Within Government Pursue Their Own Interests
Intense Bureaucratic Competition
Often Supercede National Interests
“Where You Stand Depends On Where You Sit”
Application Of Foreign Policy Models
Cuban Missile Crisis
Contemporary Conflict

10. Movies and Models of Foreign Policymaking
Crimson Tide
How Does The Process Of Receiving A Message Or Launching A Submarine Ballistic Missile Reflect OPM?
How Does The Dispute Between The Captain And The Executive Officer (XO) Reflect the Bureaucratic Politics Model?
Cuban Missile Crisis Documentary
How Do The Steps Taken To Verify Cuba Had Missiles Reflect The Organizational Processes Model (OPM)?
In What Way Do The Americans, Soviets And Cubans Fall Victim To Bureaucratic Politics? What Might Have Resulted?
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