1. An Age of Explorations and Isolation 1400-1800 Chapter 3
Unit 1- Connecting Hemispheres

2. EQ: How did technology enable Europeans to explore the world?

3. Background Renaissance encouraged a new
By 1400, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders
Renaissance encouraged a new
spirit of adventure and curiosity
Printing press spread ideas and
new maps and charts

5. Why Expand: God, Gold and Glory
Desire to find new trade routes
Europeans want “luxury items”: spices, silks, etc.
European nations wanted to break the Muslim World and the Italian control over this trade
Felt it was their duty to Christianize others

6. New Technologies
Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails (adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against the wind
Astrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully
adjusted rings marked off in
degrees; used to calculate latitude
(perfected by Muslims)
Compass: magnetically tracked
direction (Chinese invention)

7. Portugal leads the way
Portugal was 1st to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa
Prince Henry of Portugal- Henry the Navigator
1419: Founded a navigation school

8. Portuguese Navigators
Bartolomeu Dias
1488 Sailed down west coast of Africa
where he reached the tip
Huge storm arose, battered ships; realized his ships were blown around the tip
Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so they returned home
Vasco da Gama
began exploring east African coast
Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)
Returned to Portugal where their cargo sold for 60 times more than cost of the voyage
Da Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a direct sea route to India

9. Spanish Explorer- Christopher Columbus
1492 makes voyage for Spain (although he was from Genoa) to find a trade route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean
October 1492: landed on a Caribbean Island which he mistook for the East Indies
Immediate impact of Columbus: Increased tension between Spain and Portugal.

10. Tensions!!!
To ease tensions Pope Alexander VI drew the Line of Demarcation: imaginary North/South line that gave lands on the east to Portugal (light green) and the lands on the west to Spain
1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas where they agreed to honor the line.

11. Jigsaw: Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
Each group will receive one of the European countries that were attempting to establish trade empires in the Indian Ocean.
Portugal
Spain
Britain (England)
Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
France
In your graphic organizer note when they came to the area, where they went, what they established
Raise your hand and I will check your organizer
When time to work is up each group will receive one person from each group so you can all finish your organizer

12. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
Portugal
Built huge trading empire by capturing many Muslim owned lands (w/ help from cannons mounted on their ships)
(Straits of Hormuz, Goa, Strait of Malacca, Spice Islands)
By capturing these Muslim owned lands, the Portuguese broke the Italian-Muslim domination of trade and sold goods at 1/5 the cost.

13. Continued… Spain 1521 Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines
Spain begins settling there in 1565
England and the Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
1600 they began to challenge Portugal
Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships with 20,000 vessels
Both formed East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Also could mint money, make treaties, and raise armies.
Dutch: take Java, Malacca, Spice Islands-throughout 1600s take over trade; by 1700 controlled Cape of Good Hope
England: by 1700 focus on India
France: est. an EIC, has post in India by the 1720s

14. Academic Journal: Answer the EQ
How did technology enable Europeans to explore the world?

15. EQ: How did the Ming and Qing dynasties isolate China from European contact?

16. 1514: Portuguese landed on the Chinese coast

17. Ming Dynasty
Hongwu (peasant) drove Mongols out of China became emperor
Reforms: restore war-torn farmlands, erase traces of Mongols, return to Confucian morals, restore merit based civil service tests
Yonglo (son) becomes emperor (capital Beijing)
1405 launched 1st of 7 sea voyages of exploration
Wants trade and tribute

18. Voyages of Zheng He 7 voyages
Went to west coast of Africa and throughout Southeast Asia
Gave gifts to people to show Chinese superiority
16 countries sent back tribute
After 7th in 1433 voyages end, China isolates themselves and fights Northern “barbarians”

19. Relations with Foreigners
Only gov’t could conduct foreign trade and only through 3 ports: Canton, Macao, Ningbo
However smuggling took place- foreigners paid with silver
Result- Chinese manufacturing increases but no major industrialization
Why?
Commerce offended Confucian principles
Most favored agriculture/ taxes high on manufactured goods
Missionaries came- bring Christianity and knowledge of science
Matteo Ricci (Jesuit)

20. Qing Dynasty Founded by Manchus from Manchuria 1644- overthrew Ming
Ended rebellions by enforcing Confucian ideas, making China safe and increasing prosperity of the people
1661 Kangxi becomes emperor until 1722
Reduced gov’t spending and taxation, patron of the arts, had Jesuits and intellectuals at court
His grandson Qian-long ( ) increased China to its greatest size

21. Qing Continued Isolation
Saw China as the center of the universe
If foreigners wanted to trade, they had to follow the Chinese rules
Special ports, tribute, and kowtow
Dutch followed the rules
Dutch returned w/ many
trade items including a new
one…TEA. By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments to Europe
British wanted to trade, but didn’t like the rules
1793 Lord Macartney of England delivered a letter from the king asking for better arrangements- Qian-long declined
Leads to problems later…

22. Ming/Qing controlled Korea
Vassal state
Paid tribute
Isolated
Adopted many Chinese cultural ideas: Confucian values, Chinese technology
Chinese rule increased Korean nationalism

23. Life in Ming/Qing China
Food production increased under Qing=population explosion
Females not valued- sometimes killed
Work the fields, educate kids, manage $, some midwives and textile workers
Cultural dvlpmts-
Traditional crafts
Dramas of history and heroes
Leads to unity/understood by people who can’t read

24. Answer
Why do you think the Ming and Qing dynasties chose to isolate China from Europe?
How did they do so?

25. EQ: What were the social, political, and economic characteristics of the Tokugawa Empire?

26. Establishment of the Emperor
Earliest Japanese society was structured by clans; by 400 AD several clans merge and headed by the Tenno clan establish the 1st and only dynasty; present emperor claims descendant of this clan
Emperor
Jimmu
Emperor
Akihito

27. Samurai!!!
1100s emperor’s power weaken, noble families control their own areas by using the samurai
warrior knights
System of feudalism emerges
Local rulers oversee their area but are bound to higher lords who in turn are bound to the emperor
1192 emperor gives the title of shogun to the most powerful samurai
Chief general of the army

29. Rise of the Shogunate
“Warring States” period, constant state of war; strong military leaders manage to unify Japan by 1590s
Oda Nobunaga-powerful daimyo takes control of the country
Greatest samurai, feudal landlord
Emperor becomes a figurehead
Tries to eliminate enemies- 1575: 3000 soldiers w/ muskets crush a samurai calvary-1st time muskets were used effectively in a Japanese battle
Nobunaga was not able to unify Japan; commits seppuku
Ritual suicide
Toyotomi Hideyoshi takes over by 1590 unites most of Japan, 1592 invades Korea, dies 1598 and Japan w/d from Korea

30. Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan
1600 Tokugawa shogunate est. by Tokugawa Ieyasu, lasts till 1868
Makes Edo (present day- Tokyo) capital
Feudal classes left alone, but the daimyo are held virtually hostage to the shogun
Greatest samurai, feudal landlord
Daimyo have “alternate attendance policy”
Under the Tokugawa Japan will enter a period of Isolationism

31. Isolation
Shipwrecked sailors from Portugal (1543) welcomed; merchants come after
Japanese interest in guns, tobacco, clocks, et
Missionaries arrive 1549
1st led by Jesuit: Francis Xavier
By 1600 converted 300,000- upsets Ieyasu
1612 bans Christianity- fear of religious uprising
Ieyasu dies 1616; uprising 1637 by 30,000 peasants blamed on Christians
1639- Closed Country Policy
One port open- Nagasaki (only to Dutch and Chinese)

32. Life in Tokugawa Japan Food increased= pop. Increase
Due to stability and isolation
Most were peasants- 4/5th : life was hard
Confucian ideas- ideal society is agricultural
Mid 1700s- people move from rural to urban areas
Women had jobs in entertainment, textiles, publishing; most still at home
Culture-
Traditional and changing in the cities
Haiku: syllable, 3 line poem (images rather than ideas)
Kabuki- very dramatic theater

33. SHOGUN
(Military Ruler)
DAIMYO
(Lord)
SAMURAI
(Warriors)
FARMERS
ARITSANS & MERCHANTS

34. Chart EQ: What were the social, political and economic characteristics of the Tokugawa Empire?