1. Sistem Mikroprosesor 1. Blok Diagram Minimum System(CPU,ROM,RAM)
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Sistem Mikroprosesor
1. Blok Diagram Minimum System(CPU,ROM,RAM)
2. Sistem Bus(Address Bus, Control Bus, Data Bus)
3. Cara Kerja Minimum System

2. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Sistem Mikroprosesor
Definition: A complete electronic system built around the microprocessor to support the microprocessor operation.
Terdiri dari :
CPU
Memory
I/O (disk drives, keyboard, mouse)
system bus
supporting circuitry
CPU as the “brain” – controls actions of all components. 2

3. Microprocessor System - PC
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Microprocessor System - PC
ROM
Floppy
RAM
CPU
CD-ROM
Supporting
Circuitry
The PC microprocessor system contains the CPU, memory, drives, display and input/output devices to support the CPU operation.
Keyboard
Mouse
HDD 3

4. Microprocessor System - Calculator
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Microprocessor System - Calculator
Memory
CPU
Power Supply
LCD Display
The calculator microprocessor system contains the CPU, display and input/output devices to support the calculator operation. Even though the system is much simpler than PC, it is still defined as a microprocessor system since it still contains devices that assist the microprocessor in performing its tasks.
Keypad 4

5. System Bus A µP-based system consists of many components:
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
System Bus
A µP-based system consists of many components:
CPU.
Memory.
I/O: disk drives, keyboard, mouse.
System Bus.
Supporting circuitry.
All components communicate using System Bus. 5

6. System Bus Communication “highway” for all components. Contains:
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System Bus
Communication “highway” for all components.
Contains:
Data lines.
Address lines.
Control lines: regulate information transfer, interrupts, error signals. 6

7. Block Diagram Parallel I/O Serial I/O Interrupt Circuit System Bus
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Block Diagram
Parallel I/O
Serial I/O
Interrupt
Circuit
System Bus
All components in the microprocessor system communicate using the system bus. The CPU controls the interaction between components using the system bus.
Timing
CPU
Memory 7

8. Minimum System/Mikrokomputer
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Minimum System/Mikrokomputer
1. CPU
2. Memory Unit
3. I/O Unit

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Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___

10. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Address Bus
The size of the address bus determines the total number of memory addresses available in which programs can be executed by the microprocessor
For example, a microprocessor with 32 address pins can generate 2^32 = 4,294,964,296 bytes [4 gigabytes(GB)] of different possible addresses (combinations of 1 ’ s and 0’s) on the address bus. The microprocessor includes addresses from 0 to 4,294,964,295 ( HEX through FFFFFFFFHEX).

11. The CPU “Master” of all components. Job: Get instructions from memory.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
The CPU
CPU
“Master” of all components.
Job:
Get instructions from memory.
Execute instructions.
Perform calculations (may use math co-processor).
Control bus operations. 11

12. The CPU CPU consists of: ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) CU (Control Unit)
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The CPU
CPU consists of:
ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
Performs arithmetic/ logic computations.
CU (Control Unit)
Responsible to retrieve instructions, analyze, then execute.
Registers
Fast internal storage.
Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor status. 12

13. Memory Stores instructions and data for CPU.
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Memory
Memory
Stores instructions and data for CPU.
Each memory location given unique address.
CPU refers to address to access.
Types:
Read-Only Memory (ROM).
Random-Access Memory (RAM).
Non-Volatile Memory (NVM). 13

14. RAM, ROM and NVM ROM Stores start-up instructions and critical
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RAM, ROM and NVM
ROM
Stores start-up
instructions and critical
system data and
variables.
Memory
NVM
RAM
Stores general data
and applications 14

15. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
ROM
Read-Only Memory:
Data can be read, but cannot be written (read-only).
Contents stay without power (non-volatile).
Usually contains basic start-up instructions, data.
Contents hard-wired during manufacturing.
Newer versions can be reprogrammed:
PROM: Fuse & anti-fuse.
EPROM: UV light.
EEPROM: Electrical current. 15

16. ROM Examples EEPROM Programmer EPROM Quartz Window
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ROM Examples
EEPROM Programmer
EPROM
Quartz Window 16

17. NVM Non-Volatile Memory Contents can be read and written.
Contents stay without power (non-volatile).
Advantages:
Keeps memory even with no power.
Data is protected against blackouts.
Rewriteable.
Disadvantages:
Slower than RAM. 17

18. RAM Random Access Memory. Contents can be read and written.
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RAM
Random Access Memory.
Contents can be read and written.
Loses data without electrical power (volatile).
Advantages:
Programs can be loaded and reloaded.
Larger capacity.
Disadvantages:
Requires power, refresh cycles. 18

19. RAM vs. ROM RAM is still empty because the computer
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RAM vs. ROM
RAM is still empty
because the computer
has just been started.
Computer is
turned on
CPU looks for
instructions from
memory
CPU loads
instructions
from ROM. 19

20. RAM vs. ROM RAM loads more advanced functions, such as the OS.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
RAM vs. ROM
RAM loads more
advanced functions, such
as the OS.
ROM only has basic
functions to start the computer. 20

21. Timing Circuit Synchronizes all components in the system.
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Timing Circuit
Timing
Synchronizes all components in the system.
All components refer to the clock timing for operations.
Generates square waves at constant intervals.
Crystal oscillator + timing circuitry.
Higher clock speed allow computers to function faster. 21

22. Crystal Oscillator Symbol Equivalent Circuit Sample
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Crystal Oscillator
Symbol
Equivalent Circuit
Sample 22

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Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Clock Signal T 23

24. I/O Input/Output. Connects µP with external devices:
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
I/O
Input/Output.
Connects µP with external devices:
Add functionality to µP.
Interfaces with µP using ports.
Examples:
Keyboard.
Mouse.
Display monitor. 24

25. How do ports connect to system bus?
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How do ports connect to system bus?
Built into board
Using card slots. 25

26. Serial I/O Sends/receives data sequentially across 2 channels.
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Serial I/O
Serial I/O
Sends/receives data sequentially across 2 channels.
One for receive, one for transmit.
Connects using serial ports.
Advantages:
Less crosstalk.
Disadvantages:
Slow.
Needs special circuit to convert back to parallel (UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). 26

27. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Serial Port 27

28. Parallel I/O Sends/receives data across multiple lines at one time.
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Parallel I/O
Parallel I/O
Sends/receives data across multiple lines at one time.
Connects using parallel ports.
Advantages:
Faster than serial.
Simpler circuits – doesn’t need UART.
Disadvantages:
Crosstalk. 28

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Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Parallel Port 29

30. Parallel vs. Serial I/O Receive Transmit Serial Port Receive/Transmit
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Parallel vs. Serial I/O
Receive
Transmit
Serial Port
Receive/Transmit
Receive/Transmit
Receive/Transmit .
Parallel Port 30

31. UART UART 1 From Device To System Bus 1001 1 UART 1 To Device 1001
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UART
UART 1
From Device
To System Bus
1001 1
UART 1
To Device
1001
From System Bus 1 31

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Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Interrupt Circuit
Interrupt
Circuit
Allows other components to “interrupt” normal CPU operation:
Prioritize CPU tasks.
Error detection mechanism.
Accept inputs from devices – keystroke, mouse press.
Depends on task importance:
Important tasks given higher interrupts.
Less important tasks queued.
CPU keeps track of current interrupt level. 32

33. How Interrupts Work CPU Device CPU is performing 2. Device has more
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
How Interrupts Work
CPU
Device
CPU is performing
tasks normally.
2. Device has more
important task that requires
immediate attention.
3. Device requests interrupt from
CPU.
4. CPU saves its current task
so that it can return to it
when the interrupt completes.
5. CPU services the interrupt.
6. CPU reloads saved task,
and resumes normally. 33

34. Watchdog Monitor Watchdog monitor: May work in two ways:
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Watchdog Monitor
Watchdog monitor:
Special circuit - monitors the system for errors.
Informs the CPU.
CPU takes appropriate actions – re-execute instruction, reset system, halt processor.
May work in two ways:
Constantly monitor the system, and sends signal if error detected.
Continuously sending signal to CPU after certain interval:
If CPU receives signal, continues processing.
If CPU doesn’t receive signal, something’s wrong. 34

35. How Watchdogs Work CPU Watchdog CPU is performing tasks normally.
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How Watchdogs Work
CPU
Watchdog
CPU is performing
tasks normally.
1. Watchdog monitors bus for errors.
3. CPU saves its current task
so that it can return to it
when error is resolved.
2. If error detected, inform CPU.
4. CPU fixes the error.
5. CPU reloads saved task,
and resumes normally.
5. If error is too serious, CPU may reset/halt system. 35

36. The 68000 is provided with two Vcc (+5 V) and two ground pins
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The is provided with two Vcc (+5 V) and two ground pins
Do-D15 are the 16 data bus pins.
A1-A23 are the 23 address lines.
A0 is obtained by encoding the …
UDS (upper data strobe)
LDS (lower data strobe)
Source Chapter 7

37. Arsitektur Mikrokomputer
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Arsitektur Mikrokomputer

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Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
CPU Execution Cycle 38

39. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
CPU Execution Cycle
CPU executes instructions in endless fetch, decode, execute cycles.
It only knows how to do three things:
Fetch instructions from somewhere.
Analyze instruction, get more data if necessary.
Execute instruction.
Keeps track of instruction using Program Counter (PC):
Tells CPU location of next instruction. 39

40. Fetch, Decode, Execute Reset Fetch Decode Execute
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Fetch, Decode, Execute
Reset
Fetch
Decode
Execute 40

41. Fetch – Step 1 CPU Memory CPU gets instruction address from PC $1000
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Fetch – Step 1
CPU
Memory
Control
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
CPU gets instruction address from PC
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1000 41

42. Fetch – Step 2 CPU Memory $1000
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Fetch – Step 2
CPU
Memory
Address Bus
Control
$1000
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
CPU outputs instruction address through Address Bus
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1000 42

43. Fetch – Step 3 CPU Memory Instruction #1
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Fetch – Step 3
CPU
Memory
Data Bus
Control
Instruction #1
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
Memory gets the instruction and sends in to CPU using Data Bus.
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1000 43

44. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Fetch – Step 4
CPU
Memory
Control
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
CPU stores instruction in Instruction Register
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1000 44

45. Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ putut
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Fetch – Step 5
CPU
Memory
Control
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
After instruction has been loaded, CPU updates Program Counter.
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1002 45

46. Decode – Step 1 CPU Memory
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Decode – Step 1
CPU
Memory
Control
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
CPU analyzes instructions before executing it.
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1002
Type of instruction.
Does the instruction require any data to perform calculations?
Where are the data located? 46

47. Execute – Step 1 CPU Memory $1007
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Execute – Step 1
CPU
Memory
Address Bus
Control
$1007
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
If instruction requires data from memory, data address is placed on address bus.
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1002 47

48. Execute – Step 2 CPU Memory Data #1
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Execute – Step 2
CPU
Memory
Data Bus
Control
Data #1
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
Memory gets the instruction and sends in to CPU using Data Bus.
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1002 48

49. Execute – Step 3 CPU Memory
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Execute – Step 3
CPU
Memory
Control
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
Data #1
CPU puts data inside internal data registers and execute instructions.
$1006
Empty
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1002 49

50. Execute – Step 4 CPU Memory $1005 Result #1
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Execute – Step 4
CPU
Memory
Address Bus
Control
$1005
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Bus
Result #1
Data Registers
$1005
Empty
Data #1
$1006
Empty
Result #1
$1007
Data #1
$1008
Data #2
If instruction wants to write data to memory, CPU puts its data and address on the bus.
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1002 50

51. Execute – Step 5 CPU Memory
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___
Execute – Step 5
CPU
Memory
Control
$1000
Instruction #1
$1001
Instruction #1
$1002
Instruction #2
Instruction Register
$1003
Instruction #2
Instruction #1
$1004
Empty
Data Registers
$1005
Result #1
Data #1
$1006
Empty
Result #1
$1007
Data #1
Memory receives instructions and puts data in the location.
$1008
Data #2
$1009
Data #3
Program Counter
$1002 51