1. 15 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.1: Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems Lesson 15.2: Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 15.3: Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 15.4: Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth Lesson 15.5: Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System

2. Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems
Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.1
Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems

3. Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems
mitosis versus meiosis
development and puberty

4. Reproduction chromosomes asexual reproduction sexual reproduction
made of DNA, contain genes
asexual reproduction
offspring are a clone of parent
Common in plants, fungi
Diversity from mutation
sexual reproduction
a gamete ( ½ genes from each parent combine ~fertilization~ to make a zygote (genetically unique individual)
More complicated, more can “go wrong”

5. Mitosis versus Meiosis

6. Mitosis versus Meiosis
one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells ( 23 pairs to 23 pairs)
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes duplicate in interphase
stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
result
two cells, each with 46 chromosomes identical to the mother cell

7. Mitosis versus Meiosis
chromosome number
diploid–two copies of each chromosome
haploid–one version of each chromosome
normal body cells are diploid
gametes are haploid

8. Mitosis versus Meiosis
produces gametes, or haploid cells
Occurs in the gonads
stages
meiosis I–homologous chromosomes combine into tetrads, then separate, crossovers occur- genetic diversity
meiosis II–sister chromatids separate
result
four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each
8 million possibilities

9. Embryonic and Fetal Development
At the 5th week, sex organs develop the same way.
if SRY gene is present (sex determining region y)
7th week of development male sex organs begin development
if SRY gene is not present
8th week of development female sex organs begin development
The “ default setting” is Female ( high FSH, LH)
Then they remain low ( nonfunctional) until 8-14 years---puberty

10. Puberty maturation of the reproductive system
development of secondary sexual characteristics
females 8-13
Breast development, hair growth, pelvic structure changes
Menarche (ovulation)
Males -9-14
Larynx growth, vocal folds lengthen
Hair growth, nocturnal emission, semen production with mature sperm

11. Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.2
Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

12. Male Reproductive Anatomy

13. Male Reproductive Anatomy
Scrotum (1) and testes (2)
sperm produced in testes
Seminiferous tubules connect to epididymis
sperm mature in epididymis 20 days
Connects to the Vas or ductus deferens
Winds around up into pelvic canal and exits urethra
Testes are temp sensitive!
93.2 degrees F
Optimal for sperm motility
Cremaster and dartos muscles control temp.

14. Male Reproductive Anatomy
penis
delivers sperm to female
contains erectile tissue
Shaft
2 corpora cavernosa laterally
1 corpus sponginosum centrally, urethra runs through it
Glans Penis
enlarged end of penis where urethra exits (external urethral orifice)
Prepuce
encloses glans, “foreskin”
Circumcision is the removal of the prepuce
Medical benefits?

15. Passage of sperm
ducts of the male reproductive system transport sperm from testes to external urethral orifice
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
ductus deferens (scrotum to pelvic cavity)
Lateral border of bladder
Widens to form ampulla
Meets with seminal gland
ejaculatory duct
Enters prostate
Joins urethra

16. Accessory glands and semen
Semen- fluid that contains sperm, nutrients
10% is sperm
Volume from accessory glands
seminal glands
2 glands that produce 70% of seminal volume (sugar, nutrients for sperm, pH buffers to aid in motility and protection from acidic female tissue, bacterial inhibitor)
prostate gland
Surrounds urethra and secretes fluid for sperm activation milky, basic fluid
bulbourethral glands
Lie below prostate, add mucous as precursor to ejaculation to neutralize acidity from residual urine
Total fluid volume 2-5 ml and million sperm cells

17. Male Reproductive Physiology- sperm formation
Spermatogenesis
Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Has a single flagella
Matures 20 days in epididymus
From spermatocyte to released sperm weeks
begins at puberty
sexual response
Erection- engorgement of blood ( Nitric oxide relaxes arterioles of penis allowing it to fill with blood)
Ejaculation- discharge of semen from the ejaculatory duct- peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle and urethral sphincter ( prevents urine contamination

18. Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.3
Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

19. Female Reproductive System Anatomy

20. Female Reproductive System Anatomy
the ovaries- female gonads
(2), 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide against the posterior pelvic cavity wall.
Follicles, not ducts
oocyte
egg cells in different stages (mostly primordial)
ovulation
release of mature egg from the ovary monthly

21. Female Reproductive System Anatomy
ducts of the female reproductive system
Open ended, separate from urinary tract
uterine tubes
connect ovary to uterus
Not fully connected at ovarian end (ectopic- medical emergency)
Ciliated fimbriae
uterus–womb- muscular
Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium (functional/basal)
Cervix- passageway to vagina

22. Female Reproductive System Anatomy
vagina
birth canal
Sperm delivered
Acidic for bacteriocide
external genitalia (vulva)
Mons pubis (fat/hair)
labia–majora and minora
Vestibule
Urethra and vaginal openings
Clitoris
Embryonic precursor to penis, covered by prepuce, exposed glans, nerves

23. Mammary Glands lactation initiated by Prolactin after childbirth
Gland maturation stimulated by estrogen
Modified sweat glands over P. major
Lactiferous ducts open to skin
Darkened area called areola

24. Oogenesis oocyte production process begins before birth
primary oocyte with a single layer of cells
Miosis starts, but stops at 1st division
1-2 million primordial follicles at birth
¼-1/2 million survive to puberty
secondary oocyte stimulated monthly by FSH after puberty
Only goes through part of second division prior to ovulation
COMPLETES division after fertilization
polar bodies form from other cells (3)

25. The Female Sexual Cycle
also known as the menstrual cycle (21-40 days)
ovarian cycle
maturation and release of oocyte
Follicular phase 1-14
Ovulation
Luteal phase 15-end
the uterine cycle
uterus readies for implantation

26. The Ovarian Cycle the follicular phase the luteal phase
dominant primary follicle only 1 granulosa marks 2nd stage
Develops zona pellucida- late stage
Fills with fluid (vesicular follicle)- estrogen production increases
pituitary gland releases FSH and LH
ovulation from LH surge
2ndary oocyte and corona radiata
the luteal phase
corpus luteum – progesterone secreter dissolves after 10 days if no zygote- causes P and E drop, scar tissue ( corpus albicans)

28. The Uterine Cycle the menstrual phase 4-5 days the proliferative phase
endometrium breaks down and sheds
the proliferative phase
endometrium grows back with aid of estrogen
the secretory phase
endometrium prepares to nourish embryo
If P drops, signals cycle to start over

29. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth
Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.4
Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth

30. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth
fertilization of the oocyte must occur within 24 hours of ovulation
pregnancy
childbirth
lactation

31. Fertilization of the Oocyte
the journey of the sperm
Flagella wiggling
vagina, uterus, uterine tube ( distal 1/3)
capacitation takes up to 10 hours
A few thousand reach the right place
10 to 15 cm total distance in 5 to 10 min, but 10 hours to complete fertilization
sperm penetration- capacitation
zona pellucida- worn away by hundreds of sperm acrosomal enzymes
acrosomal enzymes wear away protective coat (10 hours)

32. Fertilization of the Oocyte
protection against polyspermy
only one sperm is required for fertilization
more than one sperm causes death of oocyte
chemistry of the zona pellucida changes after sperm entry to block remaining sperm
completion of meiosis and fertilization
sperm entry causes completion of meiosis ( and final polar body)
Nejron Photo/Shutterstock.com

33. From Fertilization to Implantation
cell stages
Zygote-0-3 days down uterine tube
No size change, but multiple divisions
Morula- 16 cells, day 3
Blastocyst- fluid filled cavity forms, then zona sheds
Day 4-7
implantation
blastocyst binds to endometrium and burrows into wall (about day 12)
Called trophoblast
Releases hCG and prevents endometrial shed
Week 12 – placenta takes this over

34. From Fertilization to Implantation

35. Pregnancy lasts approximately 265 days
from fertilization to implantation
Measured from first day of last menstrual cycle
Measured as 280 days or 40 weeks
development of the placenta, embryo, and fetus

36. Development of Placenta, Embryo, and Fetus
after implantation to 8 weeks
Nutrients from endometrium
placenta
organ that supplies nutrients to embryo and fetus ( >8 weeks)
fetus
after 8 weeks of development

37. Cardiovascular system develops first- 3.5 weeks after fertilization
Separate from mothers blood
Rh factor
Alcohol/drugs
Heart begins to beat at ¼ inch in size
Placenta takes care of O2 and CO2 transfer
Fetus fills uterine cavity by week 13
Amniotic fluid
Amnion, chorion, capsularis (umbilicus)

38. Childbirth parturition Oxytocin sensitivity from estrogen/progesterone
Birth weeks
Oxytocin sensitivity from estrogen/progesterone
Initiates labor- cervical pressure from head
Positive feedback
stages of labor
vertex presentation ( head down) better than breech
Dilation hours: cervix widens and thins ( effacement) 10 cm
Twisting motion of baby
Expulsion- dilation to delivery (<1 hour)
Contractions every 2-3 minutes until completion and umbilicus cut
delivery of placenta

39. Lactation production of breast milk activation of milk-producing cells
prolactin
delivery of milk through ducts to the nipple
Oxytocin
Let down reflex- suction

40. Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System
Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Lesson 15.5
Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System

41. Infertility- inability to conceive After 1 year of attempting
male infertility
low sperm count
erectile dysfunction- impotence
Drugs/alcohol/steroids
female infertility
failure to ovulate (lack of FSH or LH) +/.- amenorrhea
inability of egg to reach uterine tube
lack of implantation
Endometriosis or fibroids

42. Infertility treatment for infertility in vitro fertilization
lifestyle changes
drugs to induce ovulation
surgery to correct anatomical issues
in vitro fertilization
oocyte and sperm combined outside mother’s body
High incidence of multiples

43. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
viral
HIV and AIDS
genital herpes
human papillomavirus
bacterial
gonorrhea
chlamydia
pelvic inflammatory disease

44. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
detection and prevention
symptoms
genital discharge, sores, rash, burning during urination, and growths
prevention
condom, abstinence

45. Cancers of the Reproductive System
prostate cancer
PSA test
cancers of the female reproductive tract
uterine cancer
ovarian cancer
cervical cancer
breast cancer