1. Introduction to Radiography
Terms and Definitions

2. Anatomic Terminology Anatomic position
Erect, face forward, feet together, arms at sides with palms forward
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3. Anatomic Terminology
Plane - Flat surface passed through the body or a portion of the body
Longitudinal planes
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal plane
Transverse
transverse
mid-sagittal
coronal
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4. Directional Terms anterior posterior lateral cephalad cephalic
superior
cranial
posterior
anterior
lateral
proximal
inferior
caudal
caudad
medial
distal
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5. Joint Movement Terms
ABDUCT vs. ADDUCT
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6. Joint Movement Terms FLEXION vs. EXTENSION hyperextend flexion flexion
dorsiflexion
plantar
flexion
neutral
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7. Joint Movement Terms INVERSION vs. EVERSION turn inward or medially
turn outward or laterally
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8. PRONATION vs. SUPINATION
Joint Movement Terms
PRONATION vs. SUPINATION
place on
front
place on
back
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9. ROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTION
Joint Movement Terms
ROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTION
pivot
circle
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10. Body Position Terms Describe the overall placement of the body
Erect "upright"
Position when the sagittal and coronal planes of the body are perpendicular to the horizon
Recumbent "lying down"
Position when the transverse plane of the body is perpendicular to the horizon
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11. Body Position Terms decubitus vs. recumbent
general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN"
but in radiography, decubitus has a special meaning
DECUBITUS
patient is lying down & the x-ray beam is parallel to the horizon
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12. Erect Positions
Surface of body closest to the film used to give a more specific description
Examples:
Posterior erect -- patient is standing with the posterior surface of the body next to the cassette
Left lateral erect -- patient is standing with the left side of the body next to the cassette
Left lateral
erect position
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13. Recumbent Positions Supine Prone xx lateral recumbent
(posterior recumbent position)
Lying down on the back
Prone
(anterior recumbent position)
Lying face down
xx lateral recumbent
lying down on the xx side
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14. Oblique (Erect or Recumbent)
Position when the body is rotated so that the MS plane is neither ^ nor ¤¤ to the film but at an angle
Exact position is indicated by the surface closest to the film and the angle of rotation
May be erect or recumbent
abbreviations:
RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO
45° RPO
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15. Decubitus Positions Ventral decubitus Dorsal decubitus
patient is prone & a horizontal beam is used
Dorsal decubitus
patient is supine & a horizontal beam is used
Left lateral decubitus
patient lying on the left lateral side & a horizontal beam is used
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16. PROJECTION Refers to the path the beam takes through part
Anteroposterior projection (AP)
Beam enters the front surface and exits the back surface of the part
Posteroanterior projection (PA)
Beam enters the back and exits the front of the part
AP projection in supine position
PA projection in prone position
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17. L lateral erect position R to L lateral projection
Lateral Projections
Normally the positioning terminology is used rather than projection
torso and head
Right to left lateral projection
Left to right lateral projection
extremities
Mediolateral projection
Lateromedial projection
L lateral erect position
R to L lateral projection
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18. Oblique Projections Normally the positioning terminology is used
example
RPO position = right anterior to right posterior projection (oblique AP)
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19. Radiographpy vs Nuclear Medicine
Radiography – source of radiation is external. Gamma rays pass through body and form radiograph
Nuclear Medicine – source of radiation is radiopharmaceutical taken internally. X-rays pass out of body and form scan image.
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20. Ionization Ability of x-rays to change substances thru which they pass
Used to make radiographs and treat cancer
May cause cell damage and even death
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21. Nuclear Scan Can give picture of both structure and function
Use radiopharma-ceutical to produce image
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22. Common Scans Bone – fractures, tumors, inflammation, bone growth
Brain – tumors, blood flow
Liver – cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors, cysts, abscesses
Lung – blood clots, tumors
Thyroid – function, tumors
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23. Radioimmunoassay
Mix blood with radioactive substance to determine specific blood protein concentrations
Find antibodies and antigens (titers)
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24. Radiation Therapy Treatment of CA with external radiation
Stereotactic – focusing multiple beams at the same spot
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25. Teletherapy vs Bradytherapy
Teletherapy – radiation source is external
Bradytherapy – radiation source is internal
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26. Tomography
Imaging method that produces tomes (cross sections) of body along any plane
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27. CAT vs PET
CAT – 2D tomes are reconstructed to show 3D images of structure
PET – radiopharmecuticals are used to give 2D and 3D images of function
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28. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Media – radio waves and a strong magnetic field
Gives good image of soft tissues
Cannot use if metal is implanted in body
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29. Sonogram Media – sound waves Gives image of deep structures
Only imaging procedure safe for fetus
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30. Thermogram Media – infrared camera captures surface body heat
Newer forms relate metabolic activity (function) to heat give off
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31. Contract Medium
Radio-opaque substance used to make hard-to-see structure show up on image
Used in CAT scans and fluoroscopy
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32. Radio-opaque vs Radiolucent
Block x-rays
Shows up as light color
Radiolucent –
Passes x-rays thru’
Shows up as dark color
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33. Fluoroscopy Visualization of moving structures
Used with radio-opaque substances
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