1. Confined Space

2. Confined Space Instructed of hazards involved Necessary precautions
Use of protective & emergency equipment
Comply with any regulations applying to work in dangerous areas

3. Typical CS Bins, hoppers, silos, surge piles
Boiler, degreaser, furnace
Pipeline, pit, pumping station
Process vessel, mills, trenches
Septic tank, sewage digester
Storage tank, barges, shafts
Sewer, utility vault, manholes

4. Identifying CS Limited openings for entry & exit
Not designed for continuous worker occupancy
No natural ventilation
Engulfment hazard

5. Engulfment Hazards
Loose, granular materials stored in bins & hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc
Crusting & bridging
Flooding

6. Bridging

7. Crusting

9. Rescue

10. Rescue
A person cannot be pulled from without risk of injury to the spinal column if the grain is at waist level or higher
Research shows that up to 400 pounds of pull is required to extract a body buried waist-deep

11. Other Hazards Noise Slick/wet surfaces Falling objects
Amplified due to acoustics
Damaged hearing
Affects communication
Slick/wet surfaces
Slips & falls
Electric shock
Falling objects

12. Isolation Lock & tagout electrical sources
Blank & bleed pneumatic & hydraulic lines
Disconnect mechanical drives & shafts
Secure mechanical parts
Blank sewer & water flow
Lock & tagout shutoff valves

13. Standby / Rescue
Assigned to remain outside & in constant contact inside workers
Does not leave post
Know rescue procedures
60% of workers who die in CS are would-be rescuers