1. The ACT with DAVETM Training Aid
MODULE 2
COPPER-BASED SYSTEM
Introduction to Network Cabling Copper-Based Systems

2. Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems
The Equipment
DO CHECK OUT ALL EQUIPMENT RECEIVED FOR PROPER OPERATION BEFORE UTILIZING IT TO TEACH THE CURRICULUM.
DO UNDERSTAND HOW TO CHANGE THE BATTERIES IN THE INSTRUCTOR MICROSCOPE AND THE FAULT FINDERS
DO MAKE SURE THAT SAFETY GLASSES ARE ALWAYS WORN WHILE WORKING WITH FIBER OPTIC.
Curriculum
DO FOLLOW THE CURRICULUM, MODULE-BY-MODULE.
DON’T LET STUDENTS MOVE AHEAD WITHOUT PROPER EXPLANATION AND MONITORING THEIR PROGRESS.
DON’T LET STUDENTS USE ANY TOOL UNTIL IT HAS BEEN PROPERLY EXPLAINED.
DO EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY WHEN WORKING WITH FIBER OPTIC CABLE.
The Consumables
DO EXPLAIN TO STUDENTS THE IMPORTANCE OF HANDLING THESE MATERIALS SAFELY AND TO FOLLOW ALL GUIDELINES.
DO READ OVER THE “HAZARDOUS MATERIALS” SHEETS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES.
DO ISSUE CONSUMABLES ONLY ON AN AS NEEDED BASIS.
DO COLLECT USED APPLICATOR TIPS IN THE “SHARPS DISPOSAL UNIT” PROVIDED TO YOU BY C- TECH. DISPENSE TO STUDENTS ONLY THE EXACT NUMBER OF TIPS NEEDED AT ANY ONE TIME.
DON’T DISCARD POLISHING PAPER OR PAD AFTER A SINGLE USE. THEY ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED WITH MULTIPLE CONNECTORS.
Introduction to Network Cabling Copper-Based Systems

3. Objectives
Various cabling systems are used throughout the telecommunications industry. Cables consisting of Twisted Pairs of wire are commonly used. The purpose of this module is to enable students to: Identify and describe the characteristics and applications of Twisted Pair cables and terminations Interpret the color code configuration for cables and terminations Identify the various devices used in working with twisted pair cable, including jacks, plugs, and termination blocks

4. Unshielded twisted pair
Most popular
consist of a number of twisted wire pairs, usually four, wrapped in a protective jacket
consists of two insulated wires twisted about one another at regular intervals
made of solid or stranded copper

5. Solid wire is used because of its low attenuation (signal loss) in cabling systems. Stranded wire is used in patch cords because of its flexibility. In your Consumables Kit, the one-foot lengths of UTP cable are stranded wire, and the cable supply is solid wire. The wire diameter is measured by gauge. The standard gauge for measuring wire conductors is the american wire Gauge (awG). As the wire gauge numbers increase, the diameter of the cable decreases. So, for example, a #1 wire is about .29 of an inch; a #20 wire is .032 of an inch. The wire in twisted pair cables is usually 24 gauge AWG.

6. One of the insulated conductors of a twisted pair is called the Tip (+), while its mate is called the ring (-). This terminology is carried over from the old telephone switchboards where each pair of wires serving a telephone set terminated on a plug, similar to the plug found on one of today's stereo headphone cords. One of the wires was connected to the Tip of the plug, while the second wire was connected to the shaft (ring) of the plug. The Tip and Ring form an electrical circuit and are electrically insulated from each other. Twisted pair is twisted to make the transmission of data more reliable. When electrical current passes through a conductor, it creates a magnetic field around the conductor. This is not a problem in lamp cord, for example, where a steady stream of current is the only thing the wire is transmitting. But twisted pair uses pulses of current to transmit data: on/off, on/off. Techs call this field electromagnetic interference (EMI). This electromagnetic interference from the other wire in the pair takes up valuable transmission space on the wire and can corrupt the data being sent. Generally speaking, the tighter the twist, the more the interference is reduced. The tightness of the twist is referred to as the twist length: the length of wire between one turn of the wire and the next. A common practice is to twist the various wire pairs inside a cable at different twist lengths, so the interference from one pair to another is reduced.

7. Plenum and Riser Cables Cables are also classified according to where and for what purpose they can be used. These classifications are printed on the cables according to the following three-letter code: 1st letter: C for Copper 2nd letter: M for Multipurpose or C for Communications 3rd letter: P for Plenum; R for Riser; G for General Purpose "Communications" cables are used in commercial installations; "Multipurpose" cables, in residences. Plenum cables may be placed in areas of a building where air circulates (plenums). These cables are made of materials that will not give off toxic fumes in the event of a fire. Air ducts, underfloor ducts, and ventilation shafts are all examples of plenums. Only cables with such non-toxic insulation may be placed in plenums. Cables that may not be used in plenum spaces are rated as Riser or "General Purpose". Riser cable, also known as backbone cable, is used in vertical spaces of buildings and it is used to connect all of the floors in a building. Areas in a building that allow access to the floors above and below are called risers.

8. General purpose cables are for everyday uses like patch cords
General purpose cables are for everyday uses like patch cords. You can't put them in plenums and you can't put them in risers. A patch cord is used for short connections between devices and central connections, or between one central connection and another.
So a cable marked CmG is a copper cable, used for (Multipurpose) applications such as patch cords, in a (General Purpose) application such as an equipment room. It can not be used in a Riser or Plenum. The "safer" or more restricted in use a cable type is, the more it costs. A savvy tech will use the least expensive cable. Substitutions The NEC says you can substitute a superior grade of cable, but not the other way around. Substitute: For Plenum Cable: no substitution For Riser Cable: Plenum Cable For General Purpose Cable: Plenum Cable; Riser Cable

9. Cable systems are divided into groups called Categories by their ability to carry information. This ability is measured by frequency, and bandwidth. bandwidth is a description of the data- carrying capacity of the cable. Different standards organizations may classify these cables differently. There are American as well as International (ISO) standards that define the categories and bandwidths of the different classifications of cables. Both American and ISO ratings are also provided in charts on the following pages. A 4-Pair UTP cable consists of four twisted pairs, each with a different twist length, covered with an outer jacket. Pairs in Category 5e and 6 UTP cables usually have 1.5 inch and shorter twist lengths. These cable categories include Cat 3,Cat 5, Cat5E, Cat6, Cat6A and the proposed Cat 7. Category 3 Is telephone cable and is only capable of moving telephone signals. Category 3 Cable has the maximum capacity to pass 16 Million bits of information per second. This is also referred to as 16Mbs. Category 5 Category 5 cable is capable of moving 100 Mbps. It is an older type of 4 Pair UTP cable that will support basic networking applications. This is also referred to as 100BASE-T. The T represents twisted pair copper cable.

10. Category 5E and 5e The letter after the 5 can be either capitalized or not. Manufactures select the way they want to indicate a Category 5 (Enhanced) cable. Category 5E Four pair systems are capable of supporting 1000Mbs. This is also referred to as 1000BASE-T.
Category 6 The main physical difference between Cat 5e and Cat 6 is that in Cat 6 the wire pairs are bonded together to maintain the twist lengths. Category 6 cable was designed to perform at 1000Mbs with a high degree of reliability. In short cabling runs, Category 6 has supported up to 10,000Mbs or 10GBASE-T. The G represents Gigibit or 1,000Mbs. 10GBASE- T is also known as Gigabit Ethernet.
Category 6 UTP is the cable of choice for today’s commercial installs. It is more costly then Category 5 or 5E. The manufacturing research and development, and better material lead to higher pricing. Take into consideration how long your customer plans to stay at this location. If it's only a year or two, they may not wish to absorb the additional cost of Cat 6.

11. Category 6A Category 6A or Augmented Category 6 is highly resistant to external noise. Category 6A is capable of providing 10GBASE-T for the entire cabling run up to 90 meters with a very high degree of reliability. Category 6A systems use foil screened UTP (F/UTP) or a screen over individual foil shielded systems known as S/FTP.
Category 7 and 7A As of this writing, Category 7 and 7A standards have not been formally set. Category 7 systems will provide data transfer rates of 10GBASE-T and beyond.
As shown above, cable categories are rated by bandwidth measured in megahertz, or frequency of the media. Cables are also described by megabits or mbps, or the actual data transfer rate of the media. One way to explain the difference would be a highway (Megahertz) vs. the number of cars traveling on that highway (Megabits). Of course higher ratings or Classes of cable will support lesser transmission rates. For example, Category 6A cable can also support 100BASE-T and 1,000BASE-T.

12. 1. Twisted Pair cables are divided into groups called _____________ by their ability to carry information. a. Gauges b. Categories c. Bandwidths d. Twists 2. This kind of wire is preferred because of its low attenuation. a. Solid b. Stranded 3. The two wires in the twisted pair are referred to as: a. transmitter and receiver b. right and left c. tip and ring d. plenum and riser 4. Bandwidth has to do with a. the resistance of the cable to fire b. the diameter of the wires in the cable c. the size of plug used to terminate the cable d. the data-carrying capacity of the cable 5. If necessary, Riser cable can be substituted for Plenum cable. a. True b. False 6. In an effort to maintain twist length, the pairs in Category 6 cable are: a. reversed b. bonded c. of different gauges d. encrypted 7. In the American Wire Gauge system, the larger the number the _______ the wire diameter. a. larger b. smaller 8. Twist length is used to lessen: a. bandwidth b. electromagnetic interference c. gigabit rates d. megahertz 9. A copper cable that can be used in the spaces where air circulates in a residence would be labeled: a. CRG b. CMP c. CCP d. CRX 10. Current examples of Category 6A cable are also called: a. UTP b. F/UTP c. STP d. None of these

13. COLOR CODE fOR 4 PAIR UTP CA bLES The wires in twisted pair cables are identified by color, and the color code has been standardized. The tables below illustrate the standard color code for 4-Pair UTP cables. Some cables use solid colors for conductor and pair identification. In this case, each Tip conductor has white insulation, and every Ring conductor has more solid colored insulation. In a 4-Pair UTP Cable each pair is identified by a color particular to its pair. Pair 1 is Blue; Pair 2 is Orange; Pair 3 is Green; and Pair 4 is Brown. To identify each conductor (Tip and Ring) within a pair, remember that the Tip is more white with small colored stripes The table below relates the base/stripe color combinations to specific twisted pair conductor identities. Refer to your pocket reference card.

15. A patch cord is a short length of cable with a connector at either end
A patch cord is a short length of cable with a connector at either end. Patch cords have been used to connect telephones to jacks for many years. Today's patch cords use modular connectors, plastic plugs that separate and connect each wire. With the recent growth in the telecommunications field, these cords are now used in many applications. Often they are used to connect devices together inside an Equipment Room. They also may be used to connect devices to the outside world. Figure One example of using patch cords to connect to the outside world can be found in many homes and offices for Internet access. To access the Internet a modem is used to interface a computer to a telephone line. A patch cord is used to connect the modem to the computer.

16. Patch cords are made by terminating twisted pair cables with
modular plugs. These plugs consist of metal pins positioned
within a plastic housing. The entire plug can then be easily
inserted into and removed from jacks. Modular plugs are
described by the number of positions available in the plug and
the number of conductors provided. For instance, telephone
systems use 4-position, 4-conductor jacks (4P4C) to connect
the phone.
In network applications, the 8-position, 8-conductor (8P8C) plug
is the standard used worldwide. It’s also known as an
RJ-45 plug. The 8P8C plug can be used for telephone,
computer and many other telecommunications installations.
These plugs are available in Category 3, 5e, or 6 performance
ratings.

17. A “normal” patch cord is called a straight through cable
A “normal” patch cord is called a straight through cable. This means the connections on one end of the cable are the same as the connections on the other end. Position 1 is connected to position 1; position two is connected to two, and so on. Straight-through cables are used to connect unlike devices: router to switch, switch to PC, PC to hub.

18. The pinout on one end of a rollover cable is a mirror image of the pinout on the other end. The
positions are “rolled over”: Position 1 is connected to position 8; Two, to 7; Three to 6, and so on.
Rollover cables are used to help with initial network configuration. They can be used to connect a
console port to a PC. R

19. A crossover cable is used to connect like devices: two computers or two switches, etc. Crossover
cables have connectors wired for the 568B configuration on one end and the 568A configuration on
the other. You’ll learn more about these configurations in the pages that follow.

20. Wire Mapping
A diagram representing the connection between the conductors of one connector and another
Pin # and wire
1 White/Orange 5 White/Blue 2 Orange/White 6 Green/White 3 White/Green 7 White/Brown 4 Blue/White 8 Brown/White

21. 4-Pair Cables Terminated with Different Configurations

22. Termination Methods
8P8C modular plugs and jacks are used for terminating 4-Pair UTP cables at work areas. In the telecom room, the 4-Pair cables are usually terminated on one of the following devices:
66-type Terminal Block, 110-type Terminal Block, Bix Block, Krone Block, and Modular Patch Panel

23. The 66 Terminal block
figure “66” refers to the shape of the clips and not to the number of clips on a block
most 66-type terminal blocks are rated Category 3
however, Category 5 ratings are available
before you terminate any cable, make sure all preparations are complete:
Organize cables to be terminated by their destination.
Identify and label each cable.
Position cables close to the termination site.
Position cables to allow for sufficient slack for re-termination, if needed.

24. 66 block Comparison
66 Blocks are available in two basic constructions: split block and non-split block
The two types of blocks look similar from the outside.
The difference between the two is on the inside of the block.
In a split block the signal will not pass without bridging clips. Bridging clips are used to allow a signal to pass between columns two and three.
The split block can be used to help troubleshoot problems.

25. 66 non-split block
Bridging clips are not needed to develop continuity across the non- spilt block because all the pins in each row are connected within the block itself.

26. The 110 Terminal block
110 terminal blocks are available in 48, 50,100,- and 300-pair sizes.
The plastic wiring block is used for terminating wire pairs.
The 110 block in the ACT panel is capable of terminating up to 25 pairs on each row, which is a 50-pair strip.
After the wire pairs have been seated and trimmed, 4, or 5-pair 110-type connecting blocks (C4, or C5) must be installed on top of the wires
The connecting blocks are used to access the wires of the terminated cable with cross-connect wires or patch cords. Typically, these 4-Pair connecting blocks are used when terminating 4-Pair UTP cables on 110 blocks

37. 25-Pair Cables
25-pair cables consist of twenty-five color-coded unshielded twisted pairs covered by an outer jacket.
A 25-Pair cable is made up of 5 "cable sets" with 5 pairs in each set—thus, 25 pairs. Each "cable set" has a base color and a stripe.
Each cable set has a different base color: white, red, black, yellow, and violet.
Figure

38. Termination of 25-pair Cables on a 66 block
When terminating 25-Pair cables on a 66M1-50 block, place the source cable on the left side of the 66 block. Remove the outer covering of the cable, so that the pairs are exposed the full length of the block. Pairs from the source cable are terminated on the left-most column (column 1).
Figure

39. Termination of 25-pair Cables on a 110 block
When terminating 25-pair cables on 110 wiring blocks, the first cable enters the left cable slot between the first and second rows. The pairs from this cable are bent upward and terminated on the top row. Pair 1 is placed in position 1, pair 2 in position 2, etc. Finally, pair 25 is placed in position 25. After the pairs are seated and trimmed with a punchdown tool, install five 110C5 connecting blocks on top of the terminated pairs. The second cable enters the right cable slot between the first and second rows. The pairs from this cable are bent downward and terminated on the second row in the same pair order as the first row. After the pairs are seated and trimmed with a punchdown tool, five 110C5 connecting blocks are installed on top of the terminated pairs.
Figure

40. Review The wires in twisted pair cables are identified by color.
Four-pair cables have eight wires, or conductors.
Patch cords can be “straight through”, meaning the connections on one end of the cable are the same as the connections on the other end. Patch cords can also be rollover cables, in which the pinout on one end of a rollover cable is a mirror image of the pinout on the other end.
25-pair cables contain 5 sets of 5 pairs. The color code of the first four pairs are the same as with 4- pair, and the fifth pair is slate. Each set of five has a different base color to distinguish them: white, red, black, yellow, and violet.

41. Introduction to Networking Copper-Based Systems (Version 3.3)
© by C-Tech Associates, Inc.
TRADEMARK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All Trademarks and Registered Trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Any oversight in acknowledging trademarks shall not be regarded as affecting the validity of any of these or as an infringement on them.
ISBN# Coppers 3.3 Student Manual and
CD Coppers 3.3 Student Manual, CD and Consumables
Coppers 3.3 Instructor Manual and CD
Introduction to Network Cabling Copper-Based Systems

42. QUESTIONS? Module Test Time! 1
Introduction to Fiber optic-Based Systems and Safety 1
QUESTIONS?
Module Test Time!
Introduction to Network Cabling Copper-Based Systems