2. Interviewing Techniques
IMPAACT 2010 Study-Specific Training May 2017

3. Overall Approach
To standardize interviewer-administered data collection from site to site and to maximize data quality, it is critical that participant questionnaires be administered in a non-biased, non-judgmental manner. Study staff should help a participant feel comfortable sharing their personal information and opinions while asking study questions in a consistent manner from participant to participant.

4. Welcoming the participant
When a participant decides to take part in a study, everything about the study is new. Help make her feel comfortable. Similarly, when a new questionnaire is introduced later in follow-up, help make the participant feel comfortable with questions that have not been asked before.
Considering offering the participant a cup of tea or other refreshment.
Introduce yourself and try to create rapport (connection) between yourself and the participant to help her feel comfortable during administration of the questionnaire.

5. Welcoming the participant
Speak with the participant and administer questionnaires in the participant’s preferred language.
Choose the local language questionnaire that corresponds to the participant’s preferred language and read directly from that form. Do not use another language form and translate in real-time.
Some questionnaires include introductory statements to help prepare the participant for sensitive questions. Read these introductions as they appear on the forms.
I don’t think we need to add anything to this slide but it might be helpful to ask if sites will offer more than one language for these questionnaires. For example, will they offer English or Shona? Or just Shona?

6. Asking sensitive questions
This study addresses sensitive issues: HIV/AIDS, disclosure, stigma, MTCT, mental health, and others.
Your level of comfort with asking sensitive questions will affect the participant's comfort and answers to the questions.
If you ask the questions in a confident and supportive manner, the participant will feel more confident and comfortable answering the questions.

7. Asking sensitive questions
Make eye contact with the participant to let her know that you are listening to her and aware that she is being asked difficult questions.
Avoid apologizing for questions or making facial gestures that might show you feel any way but neutral about a question or the participant's response.
If the participant feels judged, she will be less likely to share honestly with you.

8. Pacing the questions
Every participant is different; some will answer questions quickly whereas others may take longer to answer or change their answers after giving more thought to the question.
Always account for this variety when administering questionnaires.
Read questions slowly and let the participant finish thinking before you record her answer and go on to the next question.

9. Reading items aloud
Read all items to the participant word-for-word and speak clearly.
Avoid re-phrasing questions because this can change the meaning of the question, making it inconsistent with questions administered to other participants.
Provide explanation or interpretation if necessary only after reading the item word-for-word.

10. Reading items aloud
Avoid tangential—though related—counseling and educational discussions during data collection.
When applicable, acknowledge questions and concerns raised by the participant during the questionnaire and state that these can be discussed after the questionnaire is completed.

11. Reading items aloud
Read the questions with interest and variability, so you don't sound automated.
Emphasize the important words in a question, so that the meaning of the question comes through.
For questions with multiple sub-parts, read all sub-parts to the participant and mark the appropriate response for each, based on the participant’s answers.

12. Recording responses verbatim
Often, questions will have a list of response categories to capture the participant’s response.
Sometimes, an “other, specify” option is included for responses that do not fit into one of the categories already listed.
When “other, specify” must be used, record the participant’s verbatim response, word-for-word, in the language spoken by the participant.
After the questionnaire is completed, go back and translate the local language text into English, for entry into eCRF screens. Do not translate in real-time during administration of the questionnaire.

13. Techniques for helping a participant remember an answer,
Probing
Techniques for helping a participant remember an answer,
clarify an answer, decide between two similar but different answers, or answer more precisely
Repeat probe
Echo probe
Historical probe
Silent probe
Non-verbal probe
Specification probe
Effective probing helps a participant think more about a question or refine an answer that is too general. However, probing must not bias or otherwise direct participant answers. As the interviewer, you cannot offer an answer to the participant. Therefore, all probes must be neutral.

14. Watching for non-verbal cues
A participant may give you one answer verbally, but express something else using body language or facial expressions.
Although you should not question a participant so as to make her feel like you don't trust her answers, be aware of whether she is giving you non-verbal cues that indicate she is not feeling comfortable, not taking the questionnaire seriously, or not answering honestly.

15. Checking your work
While administering the questionnaire, it is important to follow any written form instructions and guidance.
Also, make sure the participant is understanding and responding to you, and that you record all reported information on the form.
After the questionnaire is completed, and while the participant is still there, review the form for accuracy and completeness so you can complete an item that might have been missed or mis-marked.
Once the participant has left, review the forms more thoroughly, following standard site SOPs for QC/QA review.

16. What are your questions?
Should we add something here about the specific operational requirements of the adherence questionnaires?