1. REFERRING TO THE WORK OF OTHERS
RATIONALE for this block: we do have fairly frequent issues with plagiarism here. This block is intended to provide a sufficient understanding of the issue to enable students to avoid plagiarism from here forward. This means that any student caught plagiarizing after this tutorial will automatically receive an F for that paper. Whether he/she fails the course (this or AW2, CS1, CS2, or any other course run by the ASC) is dependent on how heavily the paper was weighted, and his/her other grades for the course. Therefore, if a student plagiarizes on the first summary (worth 10% of the final mark) or the AB (worth 20% of the final mark) he/she may still pass the course. If the plagiarism occurs on the final paper, worth 50% of the final mark, the student will receive an F for the course. NOTE: what constitutes punishable plagiarism is at the discretion of the instructor and the ASC team. Most papers contain a minor amount of unoriginal work. More on this later.
Part 1: academic crime
Part 2: mechanics

2. Academic Crime: What is plagiarism? 11.10
ASK CLASS

3. Definition of Plagiarism 11.15
What is the difference between intentional plagiarism and unintentional plagiarism?
Plagiarism/to plagiarize is usually defined as the act of passing off as one’s own ideas the ideas or writings of another.

4. Higher-level reasons to give credit to sources
Citations demonstrate that you understand the topic and have read about it. You give authority to your statements and add value to your writing by showing that other writers have supported your arguments, or how your arguments relate to earlier research on the topic.
Citations show how well you know the field. It is important to show that you know who the important writers are in a specific field.
Citations show how up-to-date your reading has been. It is important to be aware of recent developments.
Citations enable the reader of your work to check the accuracy of a statement or claim, or to find the source and the context of a quotation. They also assist your in-field reader to do his/her own further reading on your topic.
Adapted from University of the Western Cape (2003)
It’s not only because we will catch you

5. The 10 most common types of plagiarism 11
The 10 most common types of plagiarism Adapted from: Turnitin (2013) White Paper – The Plagiarism Spectrum. Instructor insights into the major types of plagiarism.
1. CLONE:
2. CTRL-C:
3. FIND–REPLACE:
4. REMIX:
5. RECYCLE:
6. HYBRID:
7. MASHUP:
ERROR:
9. AGGREGATOR:
10. RE-TWEET:

6. The 10 most common types of plagiarism
Adapted from: Turnitin (2013) White Paper – The Plagiarism Spectrum. Instructor insights into the major types of plagiarism.
1. CLONE:
An act of submitting another’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own.
2. CTRL-C:
A written piece that contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations.
3. FIND–REPLACE:
The act of changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source in a paper.
4. REMIX:
An act of paraphrasing from other sources and making the content fit together seamlessly.
5. RECYCLE:
The act of borrowing generously from one’s own previous work without citation; to self plagiarize.
NOTE: RECYCLING is a fairly common issue at post-grad institutes. Students are often writing on topics they’ve written on before, and may use text they’ve submitted to other institutions. See later slide on this.

7. 6. HYBRID:
The act of combining perfectly cited sources with copied passages—without citation—in one paper.
7. MASHUP:
A paper that represents a mix of copied material from several different sources without proper citation.
ERROR:
A written piece that includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources
9. AGGREGATOR:
The “Aggregator” includes proper citation, but the paper contains almost no original work.
10. RE-TWEET:
This paper includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text’s original wording and/or structure.
Turnitin (2013) White Paper – The Plagiarism Spectrum. Instructor insights into the major types of plagiarism.

8. A History of Exploration and Settlement in Yosemite Valley 1
Aggregator Example
A Natural Setting
A History of Exploration and Settlement in Yosemite Valley 1
Yosemite Valley was first sighted by non-Indians in 1833 by Joseph Rutherford Walker and his group of explorers (Ace & Friends, n.d.). Yosemite has a long and diverse cultural history that helped to shape the region, country, and even the world (Yosemite website, n.d.). While Yosemite holds a special grip on the western mind, perceptions about the Valley have evolved over time due to changing politics, migration patterns and environmental concerns as man has become more attuned to their relationship and impact on nature (Harrick, 1996).
1 Harrick, C. (1996) “A Natural Setting.” Nature and its Discontents 23.1: Print.
2Ace & Friends (n.d.) “History of Yosemite,” Yosemitegold.com Web. Retrieved on: 24 Apr from
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3 Yosemite Inc. (n.d.) “Yosemite National Park Cultural History,” Yosemitepark.com DNC Parks and Resorts at Web. Retrieved on 24 Apr from:
Turnitin (2013) White Paper – The Plagiarism Spectrum. Instructor insights into the major types of plagiarism.
The text in black is original to this work. All colored text is from referenced sources. This would be considered plagiarism as there is so little original work here, though it’s all cited correctly.

9. Recycle Example Ecology 201: An Unnatural Expectation
The Impact of Exploration and Settlement in Yosemite Valley
From its first discovery by the Ahwahnechee in the mid-nineteenth century Yosemite Valley has held a unique, even religious, hold on the American conscience because its beauty makes it an incomparable valley and one of the grandest of all special temples of Nature. While Yosemite holds a special grip on the western mind, perceptions about the Valley have evolved over time reflecting changing politics, human migration patterns and the rise of environmental concerns as man has become more attuned to his relationship and impact on nature.
Turnitin (2013) White Paper – The Plagiarism Spectrum. Instructor insights into the major types of plagiarism.
This is a self-plagiarism example. The text in black is original to this work. All the red text came (word-for-word) from a paper submitted earlier. The text in red was not cited and/or referenced anywhere in the paper; authors often ‘forget’ that they would have to cite their own earlier work if they use it in future papers.

10. Complete the following tasks
In pairs, students answer the questions. Remind them that using the correct
citation forms of publications will be useful for their résumés/CVs, as well as any
articles they may write in English (e.g. for the References Cited section at the
end of journal articles). You may also want to ask students what ‘Working Title’
means: a title of the thesis or paper, which has not been officially decided upon.
Answers
1 1 author’s name 2 year 3 title of article 4 journal name
5 journal volume and/or issue number 6 page numbers
2 In press
3 Submitted manuscript
b Ask students to put the different elements of the publications in the correct
citation order.
1 Hernandez Sanchez, R. and Alvarez, C.M. (2011) ‘Salinity and intra-annual
variability of perilagoonal vegetation’ Submitted manuscript.
2 Hernandez Sanchez, R., Gomez Herrera, S.A. and Alvarez, C.M. (2011)
‘Declining peri-dunal variability in Doñana’ Environmental Management
Review. In press.
3 Hernandez Sanchez, R. and Alvarez, C.M. (2010) ‘Hydroperiod effects on peridunal vegetation’ Spanish Hydrology Journal Vol 2. pp167–184
11 Ask students to think of a job or scholarship they could apply for. They could
do a search at or a company of their choice. If

11. Armer, T. , 2005. Cambridge English for Scientists
Armer, T., Cambridge English for Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press