1. Plant Structure, Growth, & Development

2. The Diversity of Angiosperms
Angiosperms (flowering plants) can be divided into 2 major categories:
Monocots –
have one seed leaf (cotyledon)
Dicots –
have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)

3. Plant Structure
Plants are made up of a root system and a shoot system

4. The Root System Roots Root Hairs Mycorrhizae-
Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb minerals and water
Store food
Root Hairs
Increase surface area for absorption
Mycorrhizae-
Fungi
Mutualism

5. The Shoot System Stems have 3 important functions:
Producing leaves, flowers, branches
Holding leaves up to the sunlight
Transporting substances between roots and leaves

6. Apical Meristems Meristem- clusters of undifferentiated cells
Area of division where growth occurs.
Mitotic activity

7. The Shoot System: Leaves

8. Necessary materials Gas exchange Transport
CO2 in for photosynthesis at stomata
O2 in for respiration at roots cells.
Transport
TACT
Transpiration
Adhesion
Cohesion
Tension
Turgor

9. Flower Structure Flowers are the reproductive structure of angiosperms
Sepals:
Enclose the bud before it opens
Protect flower while it’s developing
Petals:
Usually brightly colored to attract pollinators

10. Flower Structure Stamens: The male portion of a flower
Made up of an anther and a filament
The anther produces haploid pollen grains by meiosis
Most flowers have multiple stamens

11. Flower Structure Carpels/Pistils: The female portion of a flower
Stigma:
Sticky – to trap pollen
Style:
Hollow tube which connects stigma and ovary
Ovary:
Produces female gametes (ovules)

12. Monoecious and Dioecious Species of Plants
“one house”
Has both male and female flowers on a single plant
Dioecious
“two houses”
Male and female parts are found on separate plants

13. Monocots Monocots have only 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)
Examples of monocots:
Corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, palms

14. Dicots Dicots have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) Examples of dicots:
Roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, daisies

15. Woody vs. Herbaceous Plants
Angiosperms can also be subdivided into the groups of woody and herbaceous plants
Woody plants are made of cells with thick cell walls that support the cell body
Examples: trees, shrubs, vines
Herbaceous plants do not produce wood as they grow, and instead have smooth stems
Examples: dandelions, sunflowers

16. Plant Life Spans Most plants experience indeterminate growth
They continue to grow as long as they live
The lifespan of plants, however, is genetically determined
Annuals – complete their life cycle in 1 year
Examples: marigolds, cucumbers (lots of garden plants)
Biennials - complete their life cycle in 2 years
Year 1: germinate & grow roots
Year 2: grow stems & leaves, produce flowers & seeds
Examples: evening primrose, celery
Perennials – live for more than 2 years
Examples: Maple trees, grasses, palm trees

17. How do roots grow?
There are 3 distinct zones in a plant root where different things are taking place
Zone of cell division
Includes the apical meristem
Produces new cells by mitosis
Zone of elongation
Cells get longer
Zone of maturation
The cells differentiate and become specialized
The root is protected by a root cap, which protects the apical meristem as the plant grows down into the soil

18. How do stems grow? Primary growth Secondary growth Increase in length
Occurs by cell divisions in apical meristem (at top of shoot)
Secondary growth
Increase in width
Occurs by cell divisions in the lateral meristems (also known as vascular cambium)

19. The Shoot System: Leaves
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of most vascular plants
Most leaves have a flattened blade and a petiole, which is the stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem

20. Tissue Systems in Plants
Vascular Tissue System
Carries out long-distance transport of materials within the plant
Xylem and phloem are examples of vascular tissues
Ground Tissue System
Pith (inside vascular tissue) and cortex (outside vascular tissue) are examples of ground tissue
Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support

21. Tissue Systems in Plants
All 3 plant organs (root/stem/leaf) have dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems
Dermal Tissue System
Outer protective covering, similar to our skin 
Protects the plant from water loss and disease
The cuticle is a waxy coating that helps to prevent water loss