1. Morphology
Morphology
Morphology
Dr. Amal AlSaikhan
Morphology

2. Morphology I. Basic concepts and terms Morphemes
Free and bound morphemes
Lexical and functional morphemes
Derivational and inflectional morphemes
Morphology

3. Morphology
Morphology is the study of morphemes.  Morphemes are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the unit of language one up from phonemes.
Although they are often understood as units of meaning, they are usually considered a part of a language's syntax or grammar. 

4. Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed
Phonology-----phones, phonemes
Morphology---Morphemes
A Morpheme is A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function
How many morphemes are in (reopened)

5. 1_ open 2- re- prefix meaning again 3- the suffix -ed indicating past tense

6. Types of Morphemes Lexical vs grammatical morphemes
Lexical morphemes adjectives- nouns- verbs
OPEN CLASS OF WORDS
grammatical or functional morphemes--conjunctions- prepositions- articles- pronouns
CLOSED CLASS OF WORDS

7. Free and bound morphemes
We can make a broad distinction between two types of morpheme:
There are free morphemes, that is, morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words, for example, open.
Morphology

8. There are also bound morphemes, which are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed, -s.
So, we can say that all affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes.
Morphology

9. Continued…
The free morphemes can generally be identified as the set of separate English word forms such as basic nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.
When they are used with bound morphemes attached, the basic word forms are technically known as stems.
Morphology

10. bound vs free morphemes
Free means can stand alone by itself
bound morphemes :affixes
prefixes--bound morphemes that occur before a root
Suffixes--bound morphemes that occur after a root
Infixes--bound morphemes that occur inside the root

11. Roots
A Non-affix lexical - content morpheme which cannot be analyzed into smaller parts . For example, boy - system. It is also the core of words to which bound morphemes are attached.
Root+affix=stem
Stem: a root morpheme combined with affix morphemes Example bake= core to which affixes such as -ed and -ing can be attached
Yun-Pi Yuan

12. inflectional vs derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes have grammatical function
We have a limited number of Inflectional morphemes in English
Dogs-noun plural boy's -noun singular possessive boys'- men's -noun plural possessive vacates -present third-person singular discussing -present participle played -past tense (simple past)
eaten- past participle taller--comparative tallest-supperlative
Yun-Pi Yuan

13. derivational morphemes
From the word derive
They change parts of speech
They express semantic relationships
They come before Inflectional morphemes
confect-ion-er-s
Yun-Pi Yuan

14. Morphemes
Bound (Affixes)
Derivational
inflectional
Free (stem)
Lexical
Functional

15. Examples …
undressed carelessness un- dress -ed care -less -ness prefix- stem- suffix stem-suffix-suffix (bound)(free)(bound) (free)-(bound)-(bound)
Morphology

16. Morphology