1. Chapter 21, Section 1.

2. Mikhail Gorbachev preached the need for radical reforms based on perestroika, or restructuring economic policy.
Gorbachev envisioned a market economy more responsive to consumers, with limited free enterprise (privately-owned businesses).

3. Gorbachev hoped to encourage Soviet citizens and officials to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union (glasnost).

4. Workers' protests led to demands for change in Poland
Workers' protests led to demands for change in Poland. In 1980, a worker named Lech Wałesa organized a national trade union known as Solidarity. He became president.

5. In 1988 and 1989, mass demonstrations took place throughout Czechoslovakia, leading to the government’s collapse. Václav Havel, a writer who had played an important role in bringing down the Communist government, became the new president.

6. As Gorbachev released the iron grip of the Communist Party, centered in Moscow, Nationalist movements began.
Calls for independence came first in Soviet Georgia and then in the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia), Moldova, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan.

7. On August 19, 1991, a group of conservative (military ,KGNB and gov
On August 19, 1991, a group of conservative (military ,KGNB and gov.) leaders, worried that the breakup of the Soviet Union would end their privileges, arrested Gorbachev and tried to seize power.
The attempt failed when Boris Yeltsin, president of the nation, and thousands of Russians bravely resisted the rebel forces in Moscow.

8. At the end of 1999, Yeltsin resigned and was replaced by Vladimir Putin, who was elected president in 2000.
Putin, a former KGB officer, was seen as someone who wanted to keep a tight rein on government power. Term limits led Putin to leave the presidency, but he has since regained that title.

9. Yugoslavia had a Communist government but was never a Soviet satellite state.
Slobodan Miloševic, leader of Serbia, thought borders needed to be redrawn to form a new Greater Serbian state. The Serbs attacked Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

10. After Slobodan Miloševic stripped Kosovo of its autonomy in 1989, groups of ethnic Albanians founded the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and began a campaign against Serbian rule.
To crush the KLA, Serb forces massacred ethnic Albanians. The United States and NATO allies worked on a settlement that would end the killing.

11. When the Communist government opened its entire border with the West, thousands of East Germans swarmed across the border to reunite with their families and friends.
The Berlin Wall, long a symbol of the Cold War, was torn down. The reunification of Germany took place on October 3, 1990.