1. The Crusades & The Rise of Papal Power

2. Overview Background on Crusades The First Four Crusades
Albigensian Crusade
13th Century and Late Medieval Crusading
Consequences of the Crusades

3. Background on Crusades
Early wars against Muslims
The reconquista ( )
The Norman conquest of Sicily (11th century)
In cooperation with papacy
By 1060s plans for crusades were under discussion among cardinals and leading bishops

4. Background
The first crusade was conceived in the mid 11th century and was meant to reverse the capture of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from recent Muslim invasions
Crusades had the effect of rallying the most violent members of Europe around the defense of the Christian religion
Whether consciously conceived as a way to pacify Europe or not, the exportation of violent members of European society to fight in foreign wars had the effect of pacifying European society

5. The First Crusade
Conceived before the papacy of Gregory VII ( ) but first preached by Urban II ( ) at Clermont in 1095
Within a year of his sermon, two groups headed toward Constantinople
The People's Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit; they took the overland route
A slower and smaller contingent of well armed and equipped nobles some sailed to Constantinople while most also took the overland route

6. The First Crusade
The People's Crusade arrived in Constantinople in late 1096 and received a cool reception
Poorly equipped
Little military experience
Undisciplined
Extraordinary religious faith
The Byzantium Emperor provided transportation across the Bosporus to Asian Minor, where they were almost immediately massacred by Seljuk forces; the survivors returned to Constantinople and joined the knights in 1097

7. How did the First Crusade influence the papacy?
Popes lost all credibility among their fellow christians
Popes did not really pay attention to the crusades
Popes became much more powerful and prestigious
No one has really looked into this question

10. Siege of Jerusalem, 1099

12. Crusader States during the twelfth century

13. Templars and Hospitallers Christian Soldiers of the High Middle Ages

14. Krak de Chevalier – east of Tripoli

16. Bernard of Clairvaux
Cistercian leader during much of the movement’s first century
Considered by many contemporaries the holiest man in Europe
Preached the Second Crusade,

19. Leaders of the Third Crusade

20. Horns of Hattin,

22. Fourth Crusade’s Planned Course

23. Innocent III r

25. The Venetian Mercantile Empire

26. The First Crusade
Predominately knights from central & southern France, Normandy, and Norman Sicily
25,000-30,000 well armed professional soldiers
Different goals from Byzantine “hosts”
Byzantines wanted Asia Minor cleared
Crusaders wanted to capture Jerusalem, which they did by 1099
On the way there, they also captured the ancient Christian city of Antioch
The Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which lasts for almost 100 years

27. Summary of First Crusade
The only Crusade to achieve its initial purpose: the recapture of Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land
The territorial conquests were minor but they military victories demonstrated the ferocity of the western European warriors whose equipment and supplies were poorly suited to the hot, arid conditions of the Near East
Increased contact between Europe and the rest of the Mediterranean

28. Second Crusade, 1147-49 Inspired by Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
Led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III, Holy Roman Emperor
A failure: “an abyss so deep that I must call him blessed who is not scandalized by it.”
Rivalry between the princes and also undermined by princes of the Holy Land
Ended the Marriage of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine, who married Henry II of England
Failed to take Damascus

29. Third Crusade, 1189-1193 Reaction against the rising power of Saladin
Led by
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
Drowned on the way there
King Phillip Augustus of France
Quarreled with Richard and went home
Richard the Lion Hearted of England
Richard enjoyed military and diplomatic success but failed to recapture Jerusalem; he was later taken hostage by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI
Ultimately this crusade was also a failure

30. Fourth Crusade, 1198-1204 Initiated by Innocent III
Led by territorial princes, notably Baldwin of Flanders
Embarcation from Venice
Purpose hijacked by the Venetians: attacks on Zara and Constantinople
Crusaders excommunicated by Innocent III twice but readmitted to the Church both times
Huge influx of booty to the West
Temporary re-unification of Christianity

31. Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1229 The Cathars, 1150-1250
dual gods
anti-clericalism
rival church
support in the Midi
the perfecti
The papal response
the Dominicans
the Crusade
Philip II “Augustus”

35. Carcassonne

36. Albi

37. 13th Century Crusades 1212: Children’s Crusade
1228: Crusade of Frederick II
: Crusade of Thibault of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall
Crusades of Louis IX (St. Louis)
: Sixth Crusade
1270-2: Seventh Crusade
: The “Political” Crusades

38. Late Medieval Crusades
: Planned French Crusades
1365: Cypriot Crusade against Alexandria
1300s & 1400s: Crusades in the Baltic
1464: Crusade of Pope Pius II

39. Consequences of the Crusades
Altered balance of power between Europe, Byzantium, and Islamic Caliphates
The extension of papal power
alliance with Normans and then the French against HRE
popular politics
Western Europe comes into more frequent contact with Byzantine and Muslim states
increase of Arabic knowledge
recovery of “lost” texts

40. The Crusades and the Papacy
Initiated by Urban II (c. 1100)
Reinvigorated by Innocent III (c. 1200)
Crusade as a means of eliminating heresy
Political weapon against Hohenstaufen Emperors in mid-13th century
Strengthening of papal authority
Moral leadership
Military purpose
Papal indulgences

41. Significance of the Crusades
The next step in Constantine's vision: Militant Christianity
Just War is sanctioned
Western Europe goes on the offensive
Attacks against Byzantines; ascendance of the West
Conquests in mid-East
Maritime benefits for Italian merchants

42. Summary
Crusades elevated the papacy as the moral leader of western Europe
Reduced violence against Christians by Christians
The crusades initiated the practice of indulgences, which allowed those who could not make the trip to the holy land to sponsor a knight and thereby gain the spiritual advantages of crusading
Brought control of the Mediterranean commerce into the hands of the Italians and especially the Venetians, who made enormous profits from trade with the Middle East

43. Summary
The Crusades signified a change in the cultural and political position of Europe
Prior to the First Crusade (1095) the western Europeans had been viewed as disorganized barbarians
By the end of the Fourth Crusade (1205) the western Europeans not only gained control of shipping in the Mediterranean but they also demonstrated the ability to develop and adapt technology to their purposes
The period of crusading coincided with a intellectual reawakening in Western Europe