1. Basic and Metabolism of Lipid
Donrawee Leelarungrayub
Basic and Metabolism of Lipid
Donrawee Leelarungrayub (BSc, PT), (Ph.D. Biochem)
Department of Physical Therapy
Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ;
Lipid Metabolism_2550

2. Outline 2. Basic of Lipid Metabolism; Oxidation and Synthesis
1. Basic structure of Lipid
2. Basic of Lipid Metabolism; Oxidation and Synthesis
3. Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
4. Ketone Metabolism
5. Relationship between Glucose and Lipid Metabolism

3. Kinds and sources of Lipids
Simples lipids; Nester of lipid and alcohol
Fats
Waxes
Complex lipid
Phospholipids: glycerophospholipids, sphingophospholipids
Glycolipids = FA + sphogosine + CHO
Lipoproteins: sulfolipids, aminolipids
Derived lipids; Fatty acids, Steroids, Hydrocarbons

4. Fatty acid and Structure

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Fatty acid = R-OOH
Lipid Metabolism_2550

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Lipid Metabolism_2550

7. Common Fatty acid in Humans
Palmitic acid C = 16
Stearic acid C = 18
Palmitoleic acid C = 16
Olieic acid C = 18
Linoleic acid C = 18
Linolenic acid C = 18
Arachidonic acid C = 20

8. Short and Long chain of Fatty acid
Short chain (2-4 carbons) and medium chain (6-12 carbons)
- coconut oil, palm kernel oil = directly absorbed in small intestine,
transport to the liver through the portal vein
- diffuse freely without carnitine esterification into the mitochondria
Long chain ( > 14 carbons)
- found in triglycerol (fat) and structural lipids
- require the carnitine shuttle to move form cytosol into the
mitochondria

9. Unsaturated fatty acid
Double bonds in most naturally occurring fatty acid = cis
Trans fatty acid = margarine and other hydrogenated vegetable oils = risk factor to atherosclerosis
Oxidation of unsaturation fatty acid in membrane lipids = membrane damage => hemolytic anemia (Vit E deficiency)

10. Phospholipid
Diacylgycerol with a phosphate group on the third glycerol carbon
Major component of cellular membrane
Phospholipase cleave specific bonds in phospholipid
Phospholipase A1 and A2
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase D
Lung surfactant : abundant phhospholipids, phosphatidylcholine
= Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), hyaline membrane disease

11. Sphingolipids
Derivatives of ceramids, esterification of a fatty acid with amino group of sphingosine
Localized mainly in the white matter of the central nervous system
Sphingomyelins => nerve cells and blood cells, signal transduction
Cerebrosides : galactose or glucose => myelin sheath
Gangliosides : oligosaccharide (sialic acid) => myelin sheath

12. Steroids
Lipid containing a ring system with a hydroxyl or ketone groups
Cholesterol : cellular membrane, modulates membrane fluidity
Precursor for synthesis of steroid hormones, skin-derived vitamin D, and bile acids
Cholesterol: 27 Carbons
Bile acids: 24 carbons
Androgens: 19 carbons
Progesterone and adrenocortical steroids ; 21 carbons
Estrogens: 18 carbons

13. Steroid hormone syntheis

14. Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids function as short-range, short-term signaling molecules
Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2
Prostaglandins
Formed by the action of cyclooxygenase on arachidonic acid
Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) is the precursor for prostandins and thromboxanes

15. Prostaglandins Promote acute inflammations
Stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction, depending on type and tissue
Promote vasodilation (arterioles) or vasocontriction (cerebral vessels)
Pain in acute inflammation
Production of fever

16. Eicosanoid Pathway

17. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
Produced in platelets by the action of thromboxane synthase on PGH2
Strongly promotes arteriole contraction and platelet aggregation
Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSIAD) acetylate and inhibit cyclooxygenase, leading to reduced synthesis of prostaglandins

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Triglycerides
- neutral fat
- glycerol + 3 ROOH
1. Highly concentrated energy reserve
2. Formed by esterification of fatty acids with glycerol
3. Excess fatty acids in diet and fatty acids synthezied
and stored in adipose cellls
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20. Digastion and Absorption

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Beta-Oxidation
1. Activation
2. Transfer acyl CoA to mt.
3. Beta-oxidation
4. TCA
5. NADH, FADH2 oxidation in ETS
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22. Fatty acid metabolism

26. Beta-Oxidation

27. Alpha-oxidation

28. 1. Glucose ------- Acetyl CoA
GLUT4 2.

29. Regulation Short term regulation – ACC , Glucogon
Long term regulation – Insulin + ACC
-- Hormone sentitive lipase (HSL)
-- Carnitine acyltransferase I (CPTI)

31. Cholesterol metabolism

32. Bile acids synthesis

33. Lipoprotein metabolism

34. Lipoprotein Metabolism

37. Acute Myocardial Infraction

38. TCA Ketone bodies Metabolism Ketone synthesis --- liver mitochondria
Blood - ketone bodies
Ketone body utilization – muscle kidney and brain
TCA

39. Metabolic regulation; lipolysis and lypogenesis
Fed state: lipoprotein lipase
Fasting state; cAMP --- FA and glycerol
Exercise; adrenaline --- cAMP
Sources;
acetyl CoA
malonyl CoA
NADPH
PPP
Malate -- pyruvate

40. Hormone regulation

41. Carbohydrate-Lipid metabolism relationship