1. Academic Discourse and
Rhetorical analysis

5. Discourse Conversation
To communicate with the reader, the writer uses a particular method or combination of methods to make his ideas clear to the reader.
Language used by members of a speech community
Institutionalized way of thinking

6. Modes of Discourse Prose: 1) Exposition: illustrates a point
2) Narration: tells a story
3) Description: creates a sensory image
4) Argumentation: takes a position on an issue and defends it

7. Rhetoric How we use language
What makes the writer’s/speaker’s language effective, interesting, persuasive, or pleasing?
Umbrella term for all strategies, modes, and devices a writer can employ to help readers easily accept and understand his point of view

8. For the purpose of examining how the writer develops her subject
Analysis
Take apart a particular passage and divide it into its basic components
For the purpose of examining how the writer develops her subject

9. Rhetorical Analysis
Finding and analyzing the choices writers or speakers make so that their texts become meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners
Writers/speakers are aware of the role that readers/listeners play in constructing a meaningful, purposeful, effective text in a given setting

10. Rhetorical analysis How writers or speakers appeal to their audience
How writers make these appeals
Writer will employ one or more strategies to develop
the purpose of the piece. You need to:
Recognize and identify strategies used
Determine how these strategies are utilized in the development of the author's purpose

11. 1) How writers or speakers appeal to their audience
Rhetorical analysis
1) How writers or speakers appeal to their audience

12. 1) Appeals
Writers understand that a reader is constructing meaning of their text and so they appeal to the writers in various ways.

13. Ethos appeal
Attempts to persuade an audience by using the character of the speaker as a reason for the audience to assent to the argument
Accidental ethos- Aristotle
Look at the introduction
Establishes credibility- knowledge of the subject, trustworthiness, good will

14. Emotional appeals in the broader sense
Pathos appeal
Emotional appeals in the broader sense
Direct or indirect appeals to the audience’s emotions and personal interests

15. Logos appeal
In addition to logic, can include facts, statistics, definitions, analogies, quotations from authorities, other evidence to support arguable claims

16. Hot word
APPEALS TO…
Specific audience
Specific purpose
Specific choices

17. 2) How writers make these appeals
Rhetorical strategies
Example
Contrast and comparison
Definition
Cause and effect
Process
Analysis/division
Classification

18. How writers make these appeals

19. Stylistic choices
A writer/speaker doesn't use everything available - only things that suit the writer's purpose with a specific audience, setting, occasion
Choices are key to the effectiveness of the piece.
What does the writer do in writing the piece and why?

20. Stylistic choice categories
Diction
worm vs. bug
“The evening invaded the street.”
Details
Figurative language
How do they contribute to the meaning, purpose, and effect of the text?

21. Stylistic choice categories
Overall organization
Chronological,
Spatial
Specific to general
Least to most important, most important to least
Flashback or fast forward
Contrast/comparison
Cause/effect
Point of view: First person, third person objective, third person omniscient, stream of consciousness, interior monologue

22. Stylistic choice categories
Syntax
Grammatical structure of sentences
Deliberate sentence structure the author chooses
Punctuation, spelling, paragraphing
Phrases, clauses, basic sentence types- declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, simple sentences, compound, complex

23. Stylistic choice categories
“It struck eight. Bella waited, Nobody came.
She sat down on a gilt chair at the end of the stairs, looked steadily before her with the blank, blue eyes. IN the hall, in the cloakroom, in the supper-room, the hired footmen looked at one another with knowing winks. "What does the old girl expect? No one'll have finished dinner before ten."
- "Bella Gave a Party," Evelyn Waugh

24. Stylistic choice categories
Determining tone/ attitude
Talking down to the reader as an advisor
Talking down to the reader as a satirist
Talking eye to eye with the reader as an equal
Talking up to the reader as a subordinate
Formal or informal attitude
Bitter, sarcastic, ironic, mocking, satiric, objective, naïve, inspiring, disdainful, compassionate, gothic, reflective, sentimental, detached
How do they contribute to the meaning, purpose, and effect of the text?

25. How writers make these appeals
Stylistic choices
Figures of rhetoric

26. Figures of Rhetoric
Scheme
Any artful variation from the typical arrangement of words in a sentence

27. Schemes of Balance Parallelism Isocolon
"They have suffered severely, but they have fought well."
Antithesis
“What if I am rich, and another is poor- strong, and he is weak?”

28. Schemes of word order Parenthesis (interruption)
Apposition (appositives)
“The mountain was the earth, her home.”
Gives additional information
Omission- ellipsis
Other punctuation marks

29. Schemes of Repetition Alliteration Assonance Anaphora
“Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." —Yoda, Star Wars

30. Figures of Rhetoric
Trope
Any artful variation from the typical or expected way a word or idea is expressed

31. Comparisons Metaphor Simile Metonymy
“The crown has been plagued by scandal.”
Personification

32. Overstatement or understatement
Hyperbole
Litotes

33. Management of meaning Rhetorical question Irony Onomatopoeia Oxymoron
“Still waking sleep, that is not what it is!”
“The unheard sounds came through.”
Paradox
“Art is a form of lying in order to tell the truth.”
Pun

34. Extra hot words to know Symbol Motif Allegory
Denotation and connotation
“Good night, sweet prince, and flights of angels sing thee to thy rest.”
Antagonist and protagonist
Satire

35. Extra hot words to know
Genre
Foreshadow
Paraphrase
Tone
Mood
Atmosphere

36. "The most essential gift for a good writer is a built-in, shockproof shit detector. This is the writer's radar and all great writers have had it."
- Hemingway

37. Summary Discourse Rhetorical analysis Appeals Stylistic analysis
How writers or speakers appeal to their audience
Appeals
How writers make these appeals
Stylistic analysis
Schemes
Figures of rhetoric/ tropes