1. Ultimate capacity of structural steel cross-sections under compression, bending and combined loading 
Andrew Liew, Leroy Gardner 
Structures 
Volume 1, Pages 2-11 (February 2015)
DOI: /j.istruc
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2. Fig. 1
Schematic stress–strain curves (a) for hot-rolled material, (b) cold-formed material and (c) the CSM material model.
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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3. Fig. 2 Stub column load–deformation response.
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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4. Fig. 3
CSM base curve with stub column and bending test data for structural steel, stainless steel and aluminium.
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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5. Fig. 4
Cross-section geometry for the CSM analytical bending expressions (I and box sections).
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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6. Fig. 5
Strain distributions in cross-sections under combined axial load and bi-axial bending; compression is positive and NA is the neutral axis.
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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7. Fig. 6
Typical interaction surface generated from the numerical model for an I-section with a strain ratio ϵcsm/ϵy=15.
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8. Fig. 7
Bi-axial bending interaction curves for a typical I-section at fixed axial load levels n=N/Ny.
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9. Fig. 8
Bi-axial bending interaction curves for a typical box section at fixed axial load levels n=N/Ny.
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10. Fig. 9
I-section numerical model envelopes (strain ratios 5–15) and the CSM design equation for combined loading.
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11. Fig. 10
Rectangular hollow section numerical model envelopes (strain ratios 3–15) and the CSM design equation for combined loading.
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12. Fig. 11
I-section residuals (%) between the CSM design equation and the numerical results (strain ratio of 15).
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13. Fig. 12
Rectangular hollow section residuals (%) between the CSM design equation and the numerical results (strain ratio of 15).
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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14. Fig. 13
Comparison of stub column test data with EN and CSM capacity predictions.
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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15. Fig. 14
Comparison of bending test data with EN and CSM capacity predictions.
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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16. Fig. 15
Comparison of test data for cross-sections under combined loading with EN (EC3) and CSM predictions.
Structures 2015 1, 2-11DOI: ( /j.istruc )
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