1. NS & Brain
Ch 11

2. Organization of the Nervous System

3. Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain
spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
cranial nerves
spinal nerves

4. CNS
PNS

5. Function of the Nervous System
sensory input
motor input
sensory receptor
effector
Function of the Nervous System
integration

6. Neuroglia

7. Typical Neuron
dendrite
cell body
Myelin sheath
Synapse
axon

8. Types of Neurons bipolar unipolar multipolar eye, ear, & olfactory
Dorsal root
ganglion cells
multipolar
most abundant type
in CNS

9. Neuron Membrane
Na+
Outside cell
-70mV K+
Inside cell

10. Resting Potential of an Axon

11. Depolarization of the Axon Membrane

12. Action Potential

13. Propagation of an Action Potential

14. Propagation of an Action Potential

15. Refractory Period

16. Saltatory Conduction

17. Synapses Ca2+ Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

18. Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine- slows heart rate; PNS
Glutamate- most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain
Aspartate- in CNS
GABA- inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glycine- inhibitory neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine- awakening from deep sleep
Epinephrine- increase heart rate
Dopamine- movement of skeletal muscles
Seratonin- sensory perception, temp regulation, mood, sleep
Nitric oxide- may play a role in memory and learning
Enkephalin- inhibit pain impulses by suppressing release of substance P
Substance P- enhances perception of pain
tyrosine

19. Lolo po'o

20. Coverings of the Brain- Meninges
skin
skull
dura mater
arachnoid layer
pia mater
cerebral cortex

21. Menenges:
Covers and protects CNS
Protects blood vessels and encloses venus sinuses
Contains CSF
Forms partition within the skull

22. Cerebruspinal Fluid Brain Ventricles CSF Spinal Cord Rt. Ventricle
Lf. Ventricle
Anterior View
Saggital View

23. Supplies brain with nutrition
CSF
150 ml in adult
contains: glucose, proteins,lactic acid, urea, cations, anions, WBC
Functions:
Reduces wt. of brain by 97%
Prevents head injury
Supplies brain with nutrition
Transports hormones along ventricular channels

24. Cerebrum
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe

25. cerebrum corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamus pituitary cerebellum
Pineal gland
hypothalamus
mid brain
pituitary
Major Regions of the Brain
pons
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
spinal cord

26. Cerebrum Involved with higher brain functions.
Processes sensory information.
Initiates motor functions.
Integrates information.

27. Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Premotor cortex
Wernicke’s Area
speech
Frontal association area
speech
taste
reading
hearing
smell
Functional Regions of the Cerebrum
vision
Broca’s Area
Primary Auditory cortex
Primary visual cortex

28. Max Min Hearing Seeing words Speaking words Generating words
Fig
Max
Hearing
words
Seeing
words
Min
Speaking
words
Generating
words

29. Primary Sensory Cortex
Motor Areas and Sensory Areas of the Cebral Cortex

30. Primary Motor Cortex
Motor Areas and Sensory Areas of the Cebral Cortex

31. Right-Left Specialization of the Cerebrum
left side
language development
mathematical & learning capabilities
sequential thought processes
right side
visual spatial skills
musical and artistic activities
intuitive abilities

32. The Limbic System
The Limbic System
The Limbic System

33. Thalamus
Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum.
Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch.
Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms.

34. Hypothalamus Regulates:
autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behavior
body temperature
water balance and thirst
sleep/wake cycles
appetite
sexual arousal
control of endocrine functioning:
Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions.

35. Midbrain
Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus.
Reflex center for eye muscles.
Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).

36. Pons
Connects the two halves of the cerebellum.
Regulates breathing.

37. Medulla Oblongata
Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left)
May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord
Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region

38. Medulla Oblongata
Contains control centers for many subconscious activities
Respiratory rate
Heart rate
Arteriole constriction
Swallowing
Hiccupping
Coughing
Sneezing

39. Cerebellum Controls and coordinates muscular activity.
Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.

40. Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussion
Contusion
Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
Contrecoup injury
Punch Drunk Syndrome

41. Ischemia Thrombus Embolism Arteriosclerosis Stroke
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
Ischemia
Thrombus
Embolism
Arteriosclerosis
Stroke

42. Stroke

43. Degenerative brain diseases
Alzheimer’s
Down’s
Parkinson’s
Huntington’s Chorea MS
Epilepsy
Schizophrenia

44. Normal
Alzheimer’s

45. Normal Alzheimer’s Extreme shrinkage of cortex Cerebral cortex
Severely enlarged ventricles
Extreme shrinkage of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Entorhinal cortex

46. Normal
Alzheimer’s

47. Down’s syndrome

48. Down’s syndrome

49. Down’s syndrome Scientists may have cure for Down’s
Problems in using spatial and contextual to form new memories: a function of the hippocampus
Effects transmission of neurons between the locus coeruleus and hippocampus
Scientists may have cure for Down’s

50. Parkinson’s Disease

51. Parkinson’s Disease
F-Dopa deficiency
PET Scans

52. Parkinson’s Disease
Substantia nigra

53. Huntington’s Disease Mutated Huntingtin protein toxicity
Huntington's Disease (HD) is a brain disorder that affects a person's ability to think, talk, and move.
The disease destroys cells in the basal ganglia, the part of the brain that controls movement, emotion, and cognitive ability. HD is caused by a mutation in a gene on chromosome 4. The job of its protein product, huntingtin, is to direct the delivery of small packages (vesicles containing important molecules) to the outside of the cell.
How do people get Huntington's Disease?
Huntington's disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means that everyone who inherits the faulty gene will eventually get the disease. A parent with a mutation in the HD gene has a 50 percent chance of passing on the disease to their children.
The symptoms of Huntington's disease are caused by cell death in specific regions of the brain. Patients who have HD are born with a mutated version of the protein huntingtin (Htt), which is thought to cause these toxic effects.
What are the symptoms of Huntington's Disease?
Huntington's disease affects the part of the brain that controls thinking, emotion, and movement. Most people who have the disease start to see symptoms between the ages of 30 and 50 (but symptoms can appear earlier or later in life). The disease gets worse over time.
Some of the symptoms include: poor memory, depression and/or mood swings, lack of coordination, twitching or other uncontrolled movements, and difficulty walking, speaking, and/or swallowing. In the late stages of the disease, a person will need help doing even simple tasks, such as getting dressed.
How do doctors diagnose Huntington's Disease?
During pregnancy a woman can find out if her baby will have the disease with two tests: taking a sample of fluid from around the fetus (amniocentesis), or by taking a sample of fetal cells from the placenta (chorionic villus sampling (CVS)).
After the child is born, doctors can identify the disease by first doing a series of neurological and psychological tests. A genetic test can then confirm the diagnosis by determining if the person indeed has inherited the HD gene mutation (an expansion of the CAG triplet). However, the test cannot tell at what age a person will begin to get sick.
How is Huntington's Disease treated?
Treatments do not slow the progression of the disease, but they can help make the patient more comfortable.
Mutated Huntingtin protein toxicity

54. MS

55. Epilepsy

56. Schizophrenia
Too much dopamine and glutamate

57. The Spinal Cord

58. The Spinal Cord white matter grey matter dorsal root pia mater
ventral root
pia mater
spinal nerves
arachnoid
dura mater

59. Nerve Pathways into the Spinal Cord
sensory pathway
motor pathway

60. Functional Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
Afferent Division
Sensory (advances) neuron – goes toward CNS
Efferent Division
Motor (exits) neuron- leaves CNS
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
A Typical Motor Neuron

61. Peripheral Nervous System
cranial nerves- 12 pr
spinal nerves- 31 pr

62. Cranial Nerves

63. Spinal Reflex Arc sensory neuron motor neuron stretch receptor
interneuron
stretch receptor
motor neuron
patellar ligament
Spinal Reflex Arc

64. The Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous System:
A subdivision of the PNS
Not under conscious control
Work antagonistically
Controlled by medulla oblongata and hypothalamus
Peripheral nervous system that supplies stimulation via motor nerves to smooth and cardiac muscle and to glands

65. Parasympathetic Division neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
Sympathetic Division neurotransmitter is norepinephrine, fight or flight
E = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Parasympathetic Division neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
D = digestion, deification, diuresis (urinating)

67. INQUIRY
What voltage is the threshold potential?
Describe depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization.
What layer of tissue adheres most tightly to the brain?
CFS stands for
What does it do?
What does the thalamus do?
Where is dark matter located in the spinal cord?
What disease is characterized by myelin sheath degeneration?
A thrombus that moves to a new site is called ----.