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European Exploration and Colonization
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Essential Questions Why did Europeans explore the world’s oceans and colonize the Americas? What political, economic, religious, and social reasons led to the establishment of the thirteen English colonies? Which historic documents and colonial practices contributed to the growth of representative government?
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Important People Christopher Columbus Henry Hudson Roger Williams
Lord Baltimore William Penn
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Key Documents Mayflower Compact (1620)
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
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The Age of Exploration: Reasons for European Exploration
The Growth of Trade Marco Polo Northwest Passage Advances in Technology Gunpowder Compass Better sails Moveable rudder Renaissance Spirit of inquiry Prince Henry the Navigator Emergence of Powerful European Rulers and Nation- States Nationalism Desire for Profits Emergence of capitalist economy Mercantilism Religious Enthusiasm Desire to spread Christian religion/culture
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Europe Encounters the Americas
Christopher Columbus Believed he could reach China and the Spice Islands by sailing westwards Supported by Queen Isabella of Spain Landed in the “West Indies” where he established Spain’s first settlements in the New World Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres in 1492 Disease (smallpox, typhus, cholera, measles) Over centuries, Europeans had developed resistance to these diseases, but Native Americans had no such immunity. Estimates range from 2-18 million Native Americans died from disease.
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European Colonial Empires
After word of the “New World” spread, European monarchs hungered for overseas exploration Competing Nations: Spain, France, Holland, England New Spain Spanish conquerors murdered ruling classes of Mexico and Peru, destroying their temples and palaces Encomiendas: forced Native Americans to mine silver and grow crops Spanish missionaries used religion (Catholicism) to justify domination New France French explorers found that the region contained valuable fur-bearing animals, prompting colonists to engage in an active fur trade with Native Americans New Netherland Henry Hudson hired by Dutch merchants to find a Northwest Passage to Asia Hudson found New York Harbor, and Dutch claimed control of region Set up fur trade with native peoples of Hudson River Valley Dutch government gave control of colony to the merchants of the Dutch West India Company – it was a business Practiced religious tolerance; culturally diverse
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The Thirteen Colonies: The First English Colonies
Jamestown First permanent English colony in the New World Established by the Virginia Company for economic reasons Came in search of gold Leader was Captain John Smith until he returned to Europe The winter of 1609, known as the “Starving Time” saw only 60 of 214 settlers survive. By 1619, became profitable by growing tobacco and exporting to England Cash crop tobacco created a labor shortage – early settlers tried to enslave Native Americans (but they usually escaped) First enslaved people from Africa arrived at the colony in 1619, as well as the first women Tobacco lead to plantation system and slavery that would become foundation of Southern economy Capital of the colony was later moved to Williamsburg
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The Thirteen Colonies: The First English Colonies
The Pilgrims The Puritans Landed at Plymouth (1620) Founded for religious reasons Unhappy with policies of the Church of England Sought to escape religious persecution Established first permanent European settlement in New England Mayflower Compact: pledged themselves to self-government – agreed to form own government and obey its laws English Protestants Landed at Massachusetts Bay (1630) Founded for religious reasons Wanted to practice religious beliefs without persecution Wanted to purify the Church of England Wanted to establish a more virtuous society based on God’s will Puritans and Pilgrims eventually merged into the single colony of Massachusetts Lived simple, religious lives Religious leaders played important role in governance
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
Rhode Island (1636) Puritans did not permit others to practice their religion freely in Massachusetts Roger Williams left Massachusetts to form his own colony Founded for religious purposes, on principles of religious tolerance Anne Hutchinson Believed God revealed himself to individuals without the aid of clergy (Puritans saw this as act against God because believed God could only be revealed to ministers) Banished from Massachusetts Joined Roger Williams in Rhode Island
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
Connecticut and New Hampshire Connecticut was founded by Thomas Hooker Established Self-Government with the “Fundamental Orders of Connecticut” (1639)
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
New York Originally New Netherland, it separated English colonies to the north and south of it England, at war with Holland in Europe, sent four ships into the harbor of New Amsterdam in 1664 Dutch settlers refused to fight, and the governor surrendered the colony New Netherland was renamed New York New Amsterdam became New York City
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
Pennsylvania William Penn founded Pennsylvania for the Quakers Quakers Group of Protestants who opposed war Penn negotiated peaceful purchases of land from Native American Indians (as opposed to just taking the land as other colonists had done) Gave Pennsylvania a written constitution that: Limited the power of government Provided a humane penal code Guaranteed many fundamental liberties
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
Maryland Founded by Lord Baltimore for religious reasons Haven for England’s Catholics
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
Delaware and New Jersey Taken by the English from the Dutch in 1664 Later became separate colonies
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
North and South Carolina Established for economic reasons Formed in 1663 when King Charles II gave land to 8 nobles Nobles hoped to profit by attracting settlers from Virginia, who would grow tobacco for sale to Europe In 1712, the Carolinas were divided into North and South Carolina In 1729, North Carolina was made into a royal colony Became known for its naval stores – tar, pitch, and turpentine – made form pine trees South Carolina Became a colony of mostly large plantations Landowners purchased enslaved Africans to serve as field workers Charleston became a major port for shipping rice and indigo (blue dye), and for receiving slaves
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The Thirteen Colonies: The Other English Colonies
Georgia Founded for social reasons James Ogelthorpe formed colony in 1733 Place for imprisoned debtors and convicts sent from England Served as a barrier between the English colonies and Spanish-controlled Florida
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Why did Colonists come to the New World?
Political Reasons: Encouragement from Rulers Economic Reasons: Hunger for Gold and Silver Economic Reasons: Land Hunger Economic and Social Reasons: A Better Life Religious Reasons
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Important Ideas New advances in technology allowed Europeans to explore the oceans. They were motivated to find an all-water route to Asia European rulers sponsored exploration to increase their wealth and power Christopher Columbus unexpectedly “encountered” the Americas when he sailed west in search of an all-water route to Asia The encounter between Europe and the Americas led to the Columbian Exchange. Europeans benefited form new foods and products. New plants and animals were also introduced to the Americas. Millions of Native American Indians died from new disease such as smallpox and measles, unintentionally introduced into the Americas by European explorers and settlers.
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Important Ideas (continued)
Spain conquered the West Indies, Mexico, and Peru and established colonies. It grew rich from shipments of American gold and silver sent back to Spain. France, Holland, and England grew envious of Spain’s power and wealth, and sought ot establish their own colonies in the “New World.” The first permanent English colonies were established at Jamestown (1607), Plymouth (1620), and Massachusetts Bay (1630) England established thirteen colonies along the Atlantic coast. These colonies were established for political, economic, religious, and social reasons. The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut encouraged the growth of representative government in the colonies.
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