1. Athletic Training

2. Athletic Training. . .
“Is an allied health profession dealing with the prevention, care, and rehabilitation of injuries to physically active individuals”
Began between 1900 and 1925
Draws from many specific areas
Closely aligned with sports medicine

3. Athletic Training Practice in. . . Limited scope of medical practice
Individual and team sports
Educational and Professional settings
Sports medicine and orthopedic clinics
Industrial settings
Limited scope of medical practice

5. Athletic Medicine
Physicians and athletic trainers make primary medical team
Medical team provides immediate support services
Receive related support
MUST WORK IN CONJUNCTION with coaches, athletic directors, administrators, and strength coaches

6. Sports Medicine Team Headed by the physician
Athletic trainer is the on-site representative
Evaluates injuries
Provides physician with the information for a definitive diagnosis

7. Job Sites Largest placement is in Sports Medicine
2nd Largest placement is as a teacher and Athletic trainer in secondary school
3rd Largest placement is at colleges as trainer or teacher
Less than 10%
Preferred profession to many
Only 1% work for professional teams
Industrial setting

8. Domains of Body of Knowledge
Established by NATA Board of Certification
Core of AT is split into 6 domains
Prevention of Athletic Injuries
Recognition, Evaluation, and Assessment of Athletic Injuries
Immediate Care of Athletic Injuries
Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Reconditioning of Athletic Injuries
Organization and Administration
Professional Development and Responsibility

9. Prevention of Athletic Injuries
Most important is for the participant to be fit before engaging in activity
AT needs to inform person that injury is possible
Know the signs and symptoms of injuries
Minimize risk of injury

10. Prevention of Athletic Injuries
Industrial setting
Instruction in proper body movements
Worksite fitness centers
Assessing body mechanics
Implementing lifetime fitness programs
Exercise Caution

11. Recognition, Evaluation, and Assessment of Athletic Injuries
Athletic Trainers are the eyes and ears of physicians at practice and competitions
AT is the first to intervene to evaluate injury
AT takes the evaluation to physician for diagnosis
Must possess current certification in CPR from…
American Red Cross
American Heart Association
National Safety Council
First aid is strongly encouraged

12. Recognition, Evaluation, and Assessment of Athletic Injuries
Primary Survey
ABCs required
Secondary Survey to evaluate specific complaint
OSHA requirement must be met
Use latex gloves
Immunizations

14. Secondary Survey Injury history Observation of body language
What, When, and How
Observation of body language
Observation of injured area
Palpation of injured area
Ask athlete to point to area
Special testing to establish structural and functional integrity of injured body area
Circulation beyond injury site
Response to touch
Ability to activate muscle
Range of Motion is tested
Active, Passive, and Resistive

15. Recognition, Evaluation, and Assessment of Athletic Injuries
After injury is evaluated the athlete…
Returns to sport (mild injury)
Removes the athlete from sport (moderate to severe)
Activates EMS (severe to catastrophic)
Written record always kept after evaluation
Format necessary so physician and future trainers will understand it
SOAP
Subjective
Objective
Assessment
Plan

16. Immediate Care of Athletic Injuries
Acute injuries are seen by AT before anyone else
Most common treatment is RICE
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Emergency Care Plan
Implemented to prevent secondary injury
Written document with roles for all involved

17. Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Reconditioning of Athletic Injuries
Immediate effects of injury are pain, swelling, decreased range of motion, loss of function
Period of inactivity = disuse atrophy
Restoration incorporates physiological and accessory movements
Physiological=movements of joint
Accessory=repositioning
Exercise types
Isometric
Isotonic  Eccentric, Concentric, Isokinetic

18. Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Reconditioning of Athletic Injuries
Closed kinetic chain activities
Use proprioceptive input
Functional progression
Acute inflammation
Repair
Remodeling

20. Organization and Administration
Negligence is a consideration in health-care administration
Elements: duty, breach of duty, causation, damage
All four elements must exist for a successful claim
Accused does something wrong or an act of omission
Moving injured athlete when it’s not safe
Allowing athlete to return to play prematurely
Missing an injury
Improper risk management
Medical record keeping

21. Organization and Administration
Personnel Management
Facility Management and Design
Budgeting
Preparticipation physical examinations
Medical record keeping
Insurance
Public Relations

22. Professional Development and Responsibility
Maintenance of knowledge and skills
Assist in education of student athletic trainers as mentors and clinical instructors

23. Focus on Science
Athletic trainer can have major influence on course of injury using therapeutic modalities
Limit inflammatory response to injury
Increase rate of repair and remodeling
Incorrectly used can lengthen healing time or lead to complication
Common Injuries, Inflammatory Response, Tissue Repair, Therapeutic Modalities

24. Common Athletic Injuries
Usually from direct trauma or overuse
Signs, symptoms, and functional significance are evaluated for injury classification
Sprains
Graded according to severity
Contusions
Strains
Overuse Injuries
Dislocations (luxations)
Fractures
Neurological injuries

25. Inflammatory Response
Body seeks to control effects of trauma, bacterial and viral invasion, decreased blood supply
Pain, redness, temperature, swelling, loss of function
Early phase begins immediately and can last up to 3 days
Late phase continues for about a week longer

26. Tissue Repair
Process begins on 3rd day and continues for about 3 weeks
Scar formation in 1st week
Some people scar more than others
Only 70% of strength of original tissue
Collagen replaces blood vessels
Remodeling begins on 9th day
Continues on for a year or more
Some things modify inflammatory and repair stages
NSAIDs, immobilization, electrical stimulation, hyperbaric oxygen, ultrasound

27. Therapeutic Modalities
“Combinations of physical agents, machines, massage, and manual exercise are used to modify an inflammatory response, restore tissue, or increase strength and range of motion”
Cold (confusion as whether to switch from cold to heat)
Heating used most successfully on postacute and chronic inflammation

28. Advances in Athletic Training
Originally students would earn a physical education degree then work in an apprenticeship
1959 – formal course work in athletic training
1970 – Certified Athletic Trainer (ATC) became entry-level credential
Formal education programs developed by NATA
1983 – competency-based education
Six domains indentified by NATA
Currently developing new competencies to split into 11 domains

29. Advances in Athletic Training
1980s – profession evolving similar to physical therapy
State credentialing become a necessity
1994 – first accredited athletic training programs endorsed CAHEA
1996 – NATA adopted 18 reforms for educating athletic trainers
2004 – only graduates in education programs can take certification examinations
1990s – growth in credentialing, now credentialed by 38 states