1. AP EURO Unit #5 – Nationalism of 19th Century PPT #510 Changing Families and New Science and educated beliefs

2. Analyze this graph… 1 3
1. England was industrializing during this era. Why might this % rise during this era?
2. How did the Agricultural Revolution play a part?
3. England entered into the “Victorian” era. Why might this % drop during this era?

3. Gender Roles Affection and sexual relationships – women now count
How did Industrialization effect gender roles?
Women were to face HUGE discrimination after 1833 in the work place. Why?
Ex: pay was WAY lower
Good jobs were off limits
Was that discrimination justifiable?
Married women subordinated to their husbands (legally)
Lacked legal rights
In England – women had no legal identity
Discrimination in education
Still not allowed in university
HOW COULD THEY JUSTIFY THIS?
 Married couples developed stronger emotional ties
Affection and sexual relationships – women now count

4. Home making and child rearing
Women ruled the home
Women decided how that money would be spent – Does this give them ENOUGH power?
European women (even now) took whole day shopping/cooking
Became full time managers of food, kids, cleaning
(dirt now the enemy)
Wages rose to be considered a “family wage” – demanded by labor unions
Many working class women worked in sweated industries (piece meal)
Feed husband meat; she ate bread
Husband relaxed by the fire while she did dishes
Women pride fully created the “HOME SWEET HOME”
(coined in 1870s)
 Increased pride in a well kept, emotionally welcoming home/family

5. Home making and child rearing
Previously – so many babies died – moms avoided emotional ties
(too heartbreaking when he died – which was majority of time)
 post-industrial – babies survived
moms no longer avoided loving their babies
women became better mothers!
 Fathers encouraged to be silly and fun with kids
 Fewer illegitimate babies abandoned to foundling hospitals
 Swaddling disappeared – freedom of movement encouraged
Had fewer kids – give proper attention to those you had
In England:
1860s – six kids / couple
1890s – four
1920s – two (or three)
goal: provide WELL for each kid – give them opportunities
Intense expectations of kids
diet, clothing, games, sleeping – highly regulated

6. New Science
Scientific Revolution of 17th century had been mostly theoretical (had a limited effect on general population)
Science after 1830 – more practical (Led to improved living conditions for all )
Thermodynamics – study of relationship of heat and energy
Led to LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
(energy can be converted, but never created / destroyed)
Dmitri Mendeleev (men-duh-LAY-uf) – PERIODIC TABLE (1869)
Russian chemist – codified atomic numbers and weights
Electricity – experimental in 1800
Commercial forms of energy
Telegraph
Underwater cables
Power generation (lighting, transportation)
Internal combustion engine (1890)
Pushed SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (end of 1800s)
First was coal and iron
Second is oil and steel
Rising standard of living resulted

7. Charles Darwin
Charles Lyell – discredited young earth theory (mid-to-late 1800s)
Jean Baptiste Lamarck – suggested that all life arose in long process
CHARLES DARWIN
On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection (1859)

8. Herbert Spencer – Social Darwinism
Social scientists – studied massive data collected by governments
Study juvenile crime, poverty, population, trends, etc.
Came to conclusions based on data
Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest” (late 1800s)
The poor were unlucky and weak
The wealthy were the strong and “chosen”

9. Realism in Literature
Depict life as it is, ugly or not (usually the ugly…)
Fiction was based on “every day” life
Where were the rejecting?
Rejected Romanticism style of the exotic or dramatic
All late 1800s
Honore de Balzac – The Human Comedy (100 books – Fr. society)
Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary
(Mid class adulterous woman, betrayed by lover)
Emile Zola – Germinal (sympathized with socialists)
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)
– Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life
Count Leo Tolstoy (Russian) – War and Peace (Napoleonic wars)