2. Late Decolonization, 1970s-1990s
Portuguese Colonies, Rhodesia and South Africa
Distinctive Characteristics of Late Decolonization
Occurred in settler colonies
Adopted armed struggle
Ideological orientation of the liberation movements: Socialist/Marxist
Learned from the experiences of the first phase of decolonization

4. Portuguese Colonialism
Settler colonialism
Portugal’s economy was weak and agrarian based
Desperate need for African colonies
Intermarriage between Portuguese men and African women
Portugal dictatorship of: António de Oliveira Salazar
Suppression of public opinion
Cold War: US support of Portugal

5. Decolonization in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde
Leadership of Amilcar Cabral
A dynamic organizer, nationalist thinker, and a writer
Studied in Portugal and returned to Guinea Bissau in 1950s
Cabral was one of the founders of African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

7. Cabral’s Philosophy Pragmatic Marxist
National liberation movement it must have a revolutionary theory
Theory and practice are inextricably linked
National liberation movement is shaped by local reality
Hence, PAIGC’s strategies must be based understanding social realities in Guinea
Inherent violence of colonialism, national liberation must adopt armed struggle

8. Cabral Thought
National liberation is also an act of cultural liberation
At independence there are only 2 choices: capitalism or socialism
Socialism is the only path to end human exploitation
Flexible approach to Marxism
Peasants are the backbone of the revolution
Democracy: bottom-up decision making, from village assemblies

9. Led the liberation movement from 1963 until 1973
Use of his expertise as an agronomist in the battle field
Taught fighters to become self-reliant and gain the support of local people
His assassination on the eve of independence in January 1973
The movement was led by his half brother who became the first president of Guinea Bissau
Cabral’s legacy: left a rich intellectual tradition

10. Angola 1-Movement of the Popular Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
Base of support: civil servants in Luanda, capital
Leadership were mainly black creoles who served in the military
Leftist ideology and support by Soviet Union
Leader Agostino Neto
2- Union for the National Independence of the Totality of Angola (UNITA) Base of support: old merchant class and members of royal family The leaders were anti-Soviet and sought support from China

11. 1961 beginning of the war of liberation
Peasants uprising
MPLA: Adoption of armed struggle and launching attacks on Portuguese military bases
Portugal’s deployment of a large army
Simultaneous wars Guinea Bissau and Mozambique

12. Portuguese army refusal to conduct the wars and overthrew the government
MPLA and UNITA disagreement on power sharing
Outside intervention: South Africa and Cuba
Portugal’s withdrawal On 11 November 1975
Departure of the settlers who destroyed all equipment
Fighting between UNITA and MPLA for next 20 years.

13. Mozambique Cotton production and poverty
Labor migration to South Africa
The nationalist movement: FRELIMO: Frente de Libertacao de Mozambique
Base in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
FRELIMO adoption of armed struggle and socialism
Leadership: Eduardo Mondlane and Samora Machel

14. Eduardo Mondalane
 Son of rural chief
Studied in Mozambique and went to University of Witwatersrand in South Africa,
Left S.A. because of apartheid
With the help of Protestant missionaries, he received scholarship to study in the US, but decided to attend Lisbon University to strengthen his command of Portuguese

15. Moved to the US to attend Oberlin College in Ohio
Graduated in 1953 with a degree in anthropology and sociology.
Received an MA from Northwestern University, and a PhD from Harvard.
At Harvard he met Janet Rae Johnson
Late 1950s worked for the United Nations, which allowed him to travel to Africa

16. His UN position would not allow him to pursue his commitment to nationalist activism
He resigned and became a professor at Syracuse University, where he developed their East African studies program
In 1963 he resigned and went to Dar Essalam, Tanzania, headquarters of FRELIMO
Elected as leader of FRELIMO
Ideological differences within FRELIMO
Mondalne and the majority called for independence and socialist system

17. Mozambique
1969 Mondalane assassination in Dar esSalaam at the home of his friend, Betty King
Portuguese secret police and some of Mondalane’s enemies
Samora Machel assumed the Leadership
Independence 1974