1. Chapter 6 Syntactic Overregularity Small-scale Parallelism
Team members: 冯绍耀 唐菲菲 王佩琦 李丹 朱稳 樊妍妍 杜航 王静
12商英本（2）

2. Parallelism Definition: exact repetition in equivalent position.
Function: It helps achieve emphasis and make the speech more rhythmical, forceful and passionate.
Type: large-scale parallelism
small-scale parallelism

3. Small-scale Parallelism
By small-scale parallelism we mean the kind which consists of only two juxtaposed（并列的） units.
In traditional rhetoric is sometimes called antithesis.

4. Example(1) O, my luve is like a red, red rose
That’s newly sprung in June;
O, my luve is like the melodie
That’s sweetly play’d in tune
（Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose）

5. Comments
The first two lines run parallel to the last two.
lover—red rose newly sprung in June lover—melodie sweetly played in tune
What the four lines have in common is that they both express the speaker’s admiration and love for his beloved directly.

6. Example(2) His fees were high; his lessons were light. （O Henry）
The first sentence run parallel to the second one.
fees—high lessons—light n.+were+adj.
The example presents a strong contrast between the two juxtaposed units.

7. Example(3) Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.
（Shakespeare, Julius Caesar）
To err is human, to forgive devine.
（Pope, An Essay on Criticism）

8. Comments
When small-scale parallelism is combined with an implication of contrast, it is referred to as antithesis in rhetoric.
Comparison between two aspects of one thing（一物两面对照）
I loved —Caesar less / Rome more
Comparison between two things（两物对照）
err— human / forgive— devine

9. Example(4) An Irish Airman Foresees his Death
I know that I shall meet my fate
Somewhere among the clouds above;
Those that I fight I do not hate,
Those that I guard I do not love; ……

10. Comments
Lines three and four of this poem have identical structure and rhythm. Their difference lies in that each of the two verbs in line three is antonymous with the verb in the same position in line four.
fight— not hate / guard —not love
Thus the parallelism urges a strong contrast between each pair of antonyms.

11. For the speaker there is no essential difference between fighting those you do not hate and guarding those you do not love.
Once such fundamentally different concepts are reduced to the same thing, life becomes entirely pointless. The parallelism here therefore carries a strong note of fatalism.

12. Example(5) Speech is silver, but silence is golden.
Crafty men condemn studies , simple men admire them, and wise men use them.
（Francis Bacon, Of Studies）

13. Comments
Parallelism: The same structure is repeated two or more than two times and the meanings of all the structure are similar and related.
Antithesis: The use of opposing words arranged in parallel construction.

14. Thank You for Your Listening!