1. Welcome to
Micro-
biology

2. “You do not really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother.” --Albert Einstein

3. Course Introduction Textbook, some special features:
Learning objectives
Foundation Figures
Clinical Focus Boxes
End of chapter study outline
Check your understanding questions and EOC study questions
Cutting Edge Media Supplements on Tortora Textbook Website
Lab exercises: In-house Manual
Research Projects and Presentations

4. First Homework (worth 4 pts
First Homework (worth 4 pts.) Due Saturday 11 PM of the first week of school.
Log on to Blackboard and enter the Microbiology 1 class site (1 pt.)
Go to “Tools”, then “Personal Information”. Make sure the correct address has been entered. (1 pt.)
Now go to “Change Password” and choose your own password.
Review all pages of the syllabus carefully! (2 pts.)

5. First Homework cont.: Student Info Sheet
Fill out the student info sheet that you received during the first class period. Turn it back in by the first lab session of the 2nd week. Worth 1 more point.

6. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You
Objectives
List some ways in which microbes affect your live
Use scientific nomenclature : Genus and a specific epithet.
List the three domains.
Explain the importance of observations made by van Leeuwenhoek.
Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Describe experiments that helped to prove biogenesis.
Highlight the major achievements of Pasteur and Koch.
Identify the important work of Semmelweis and Lister.
Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Jenner, Ehrlich and Fleming.
Define bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, and virology.
Explain the importance of recombinant DNA technology.
List two examples of biotechnology that use recombinant DNA .
Define normal microbiota and resistance.
Define and describe several infectious diseases.

7. Microbes help us by Microbes harm us by decomposing organic waste
performing photosynthesis
producing ethanol, acetone, vinegar, cheese, bread, . . .
producing insulin and many other drugs
. . .
Microbes harm us by causing disease and causing food spoilage
Microbes harm us by

8. Naming and Classifying Microorganisms
Carolus Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1739.
Each organism has two names  Binomial nomenclature: Genus + specific epithet (species)
Italicized (or underlined), genus capitalized, “latinized”, used worldwide.
May be descriptive or honor a scientist.
Portrait of Carl Linnaeus at 32 by J. H. Scheffel. Oil Painting, Reproduction courtesy Uppsala University Art Collections
Scientists around the world are celebrating the 300th anniversary of the birth of Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus. He is best known for instituting a two-name method for identifying plants and animals, called binomial nomenclature. Considered the “father” of modern taxonomy, Linnaeus named approximately 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants.

9. Examples Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)
1857 –1911
Staphylococcus aureus: Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies (aur-).
E. coli: Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat–the large intestine or colon.

10. Types of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites
Prions

11. Bacterium / Bacteria Prokaryotic Peptidoglycan cell wall
Reproduction by binary fission
Gain energy from use of
organic chemicals
inorganic chemicals or
photosynthesis

12. Archaea Prokaryotic No peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments
Include
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
Figure 4.5b

13. Fungus/Fungi Eukaryotic Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for energy.
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae.
Yeasts are unicellular.

14. Protozoan/ Protozoa Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

15. Viruses Are acellular Have either DNA or RNA in core
Core is surrounded by a protein coat.
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope.
Viruses only replicate within a living host cell.

16. Multicellular Animal Parasites
Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals
Helminths are parasitic flatworms and round worms
Microscopic stages in life cycles

17. Three Domain Classification
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animals

18. Microbiology History The Beginnings
Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth
1665: Cell theory – Robert Hooke
Compare to Fig 1.2
1673: First microbes observed – Anton van Leeuwenhoek

19. The Transition Period: Debate over Spontaneous Generation
Aristotles’s doctrine of spontaneous generation. Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life
Biogenesis: Hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life

20. 1668:Francesco Redi filled 6 jars with decaying meat
the beginnings of experimental science
filled 6 jars with decaying meat
Conditions
Results
Three jars covered with fine net
No maggots
Three open jars
Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

21. 1745: John Needham Objections
Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
Conditions
Results
Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask
Microbial growth
From where did the microbes come?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

22. 1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks
Conditions
Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

23. 1861: Louis Pasteur
demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
Conditions
Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed
Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

24. Confirmation of Biogenesis
Pasteur’s S-shaped (swan-neck ) flask kept microbes out but let air in
Figure 1.3

25. The Golden Age of Microbiology(1857-1914)
Microbiology established as a science
Louis Pasteur
Spontaneous generation disproved
Wine fermentation (yeasts and bacteria)
Pasteurization

26. Pre-Pasteur:
Ignaz Semmelweis (1840s) – hand disinfection and puerperal fever
Based on Pateur’s and Semmelweis’ findings: Joseph Lister (1860s) – antiseptic surgery (phenol)

27. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis ( ), a Hungarian obstetrician educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna, introduced antiseptic prophylaxis into medicine.
In the 1840s, puerperal or childbirth fever, a bacterial infection of the female genital tract after childbirth, was taking the lives of up to 30% of women who gave birth in hospitals. Women who gave birth at home remained relatively unaffected. As assistant professor on the maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital, Semmelweis observed that women examined by student doctors who had not washed their hands after leaving the autopsy room had very high death rates. When a colleague who had received a scalpel cut died of infection, Semmelweis concluded that puerperal fever was septic and contagious. He ordered students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime before examining patients; as a result, the maternal death rate was reduced from 12% to 1% in 2 years. Nevertheless, Semmelweis encountered strong opposition from hospital officials and left Vienna in 1850 for the University of Pest.
As a professor of obstetrics at the University of Pest Hospital, he enforced antiseptic practices and reduced the death rate from puerperal fever to 0.85%. However, Semmelweis findings and publications were resisted by hospital and medical authorities in Hungary and abroad. After a breakdown, he entered a mental hospital in Vienna, where he died of an infection contracted during an operation he had performed.
Information and photo from: funkandwagnalls.com Copyright 1999, 2000.

28. Robert Koch Work on anthrax proves the germ theory of disease
Procedures become Koch's postulates (see Ch 14)
Development of pure culture technique
Nobel Prize in 1905
Nobelprize.org

29. Before the Golden Age Period: The Birth of Vaccination
Jenner and smallpox vaccination (1796)
~ 100 years later: Pasteur shows how vaccinations work. (Creation of avirulent strains of bacteria during extended laboratory cultivation)

30. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis
1930s: Synthesis of sulfonamides
1928: Alexander Fleming and the discovery of the first antibiotic
Fig 1.5

31. enicillin purification and clinical trials not until 1940s
Fig 1.5
enicillin purification and clinical trials not until 1940s

32. Modern Developments in Microbiology
Bacteriology – Mycology – Parasitology – Virology – Immunology
Microbial genetics and molecular biology lead to Recombinant DNA Technology (genetic engineering). Prokaryotic model system: E. coli

33. Selected Nobel Prizes for Microbiology Research
1901 von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin
1902 Ross Malaria transmission
1905 Koch TB bacterium
1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes
1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin
1952 Waksman Streptomycin
1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication
1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics
1997 Prusiner Prions
2005 Marshall & Warren H. pylori & ulcers

34. Microbes and Human Disease – Again many Challenges –
Normal microbiota (flora) in and on the human body
Pathogens overcome the host’s resistance  infectious disease
Antimicrobial resistance
Bioterrorism
(Re-)emerging infectious diseases (EID): WNE, avian influenza, SARS, BSE, HIV/AIDS . . .
Bacteria were once classified as plants giving rise to use of the term flora for microbes. This term has been replaced by microbiota.

35. West Nile Encephalitis
Caused by West Nile virus
First diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937
Appeared in New York City in 1999
Avian influenza A
Influenza A virus (H5N1)
Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
Sustained human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet

36. MRSA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
1950s: Penicillin resistance developed
1980s: Methicillin resistance
1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported
VISA: Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus
VRSA: Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Caused by a prion
Also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). New variant CJD in humans is related to beef consumption

37. Escherichia coli O157:H7 Toxin-producing strain of E. coli
First seen in 1982
Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide
Figure 25.12

38. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
First identified in 1981
Worldwide epidemic infecting 30 million people; 14,000 new infections every day
Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females
HIV/AIDS in the U.S.: 30% are female, and 75% are African American
The End