1. Relational Database Design
Structured Query Language (SQL)

2. A Database Structure

3. Database Building Blocks

4. Structure of a Relational Database

5. Training Database Schema

6. Course Outline Executing a Simple Query
Performing a Conditional Search
Working with Functions
Organizing Data
Retrieving Data from Tables
Presenting Query Results

7. Executing a Simple Query
Connect to the SQL Database
Query a Database
Save a Query
Modify a Query
Execute a Saved Query

8. SSMS Shortcuts

9. Same category of information
Tables
Header row
Row
Same category of information
Column
Related information

10. Information retrieved
Databases
Database
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Information searched
Database
objects
Information retrieved

11. Databases (Cont.)

12. Databases (Cont.)
Default databases
Customized databases

13. Servers Higher performance No user Manage resource Provide services
Network
Client 1
Client 2
Client 3
Server

14. Clients Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 Server Connected to the same
network as the server
Displays
result
Requests the service
of the server

15. Syntax
Clauses in
precise order
Placeholders

16. SQL Statements Appropriate syntax Optional clause Essential clauses
Column names
Essential clauses

17. Queries
Table name
Column names
Condition
Database
Output

18. SQL Logical Query Processing Steps
Clause Order
Logical Processing Steps
SELECT
FROM
JOIN____ON____
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING
ORDER BY
FROM ON
OUTER
WHERE
GROUP BY
CUBE | ROLLUP
HAVING
SELECT
DISTINCT
ORDER BY
TOP

19. The SELECT Statement
FROM clause
SELECT clause
Table name
Column names

20. The SELECT Statement (Cont.)
Returns all columns
from titles table
Titles

21. characters are allowed
Data Types
Alphanumeric
values
Only numeric
values are allowed
Data types
characters are allowed
Numeric values

22. Datatypes

23. Comments Characters to enclose comment SQL statement as multiple lines
of comment
Characters to
enclose comment

24. Comments (Cont.)
Explains the code

25. Comments (Cont.)
Comment not
meant to execute

26. Performing a Conditional Search
Search Using a Simple Condition
Compare Column Values
Search Using Multiple Conditions
Search for a Range of Values and Null Values
Retrieve Data Based on Patterns

27. Search criteria used to search selected values in a table
Conditions
Value
Search criteria used to search
selected values in a table
Column name

28. Conditions (Cont.) Calculation performed on numeric values
Using multiple search conditions
Calculation performed on numeric values

29. The Process of a Conditional Search

30. Operators
Operator
Column name
Value
Condition
Word

31. Operators (Cont.)
Condition
Value
WHERE clause
Column name
Operator

32. Operator used in condition
The WHERE Clause
Value
Column name
Operator used in condition

33. The WHERE Clause (Cont.)
Condition 1
Condition 2

34. Comparison Operators
Comparison operator
Column name
Value
Condition

35. Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operator Date column Numeric value
Calculation performed on date column
Numeric value
Date column
Arithmetic operator
Calculation performed on numeric values

36. Compound Assignment Operators
Column Variable
Column Value

37. Column Aliasing Calculation performed on column name
Alphanumeric character
Column alias displayed as column name

38. AND operator returns TRUE when both the boolean conditions are true
Logical Operators
AND operator returns TRUE when both the boolean conditions are true
Boolean condition 2
Boolean condition 1

39. Logical Operators (Cont.)
AND operator is evaluated before OR operator
Condition returns TRUE or FALSE

40. Logical Operators (Cont.)
Condition 1
Logical operator
Condition 3
Condition 2

41. The AND , OR, and NOT Operators
Boolean condition 1
Boolean condition 2
OR operator returns TRUE when either of the boolean conditions is true

42. The AND , OR, and NOT Operators (Cont.)
NOT operator negates the result of the condition

43. The AND , OR, and NOT Operators (Cont.)
NOT operator used with AND operator

44. The BETWEEN .. AND Operator
Conditional statement
End value
Start value
Range of values
Specifies values
outside of range

45. IN operator returns the rows that match the list of values
The In Operator
IN operator returns the rows
that match the list of values
List of values
within parentheses
Column name

46. The NULL Value

47. Displays only null value Rows that contain null values
The IS NULL Clause
Condition 1
Condition 2
Displays only null value
Rows that contain null values

48. The Is Null Clause (Cont.)
Search condition
Checks whether the
values are not null
Logical operator

49. Wildcards
Wildcard with
a character
Column name

50. Wildcards (Cont.) Wildcard for single character unlimited
number of characters

51. Pattern Matching
Pattern
Wildcard used to
search characters
Output

52. Working with Functions
Perform Date Calculations
Calculate Data Using Aggregate Functions
Manipulate String Values

53. Functions Parameters Function name Column name Function without

54. Date Functions Date function Date column Date parameter Numeric values
Date and time values

55. Date and Time Data Types
Datetimeoffset value
Datetimeoffset data type
Date data type
Time data type
Date value
Time value
Datetime2 value
Datetime2 data type

56. Aggregate Functions Function name Reference to values
Summary values
Single row output

57. Keywords Displayed in color Word reserved for retrieving data
entering table name

58. Keyword used outside its predetermined context
Keywords (Cont.)
Keyword used outside its
predetermined context

59. The DISTINCT Keyword
No duplicate values
Column names
DISTINCT keyword

60. arithmetic calculation String enclosed in single quotes
Strings
Case is ignored
during compilation
Cannot be used in
arithmetic calculation
String enclosed in single quotes
Special characters

61. String Functions
String function
String input
Numeric values

62. Case Conversion Functions
Converts lower case
characters to upper case
Converts upper case
characters to lower case
Column name
Output of the
UPPER function
Output of the
LOWER function

63. Leading and Trailing Spaces
Maximum number of characters
that can be stored in a column
Leading space
Trailing space
Characters stored
in the column

64. The Trim Function Removes blank spaces before a column value
after a column value
String values
No space in
front of values
No space
after values

65. Character Extraction

66. The SUBSTRING Function
Extracted substrings
Integer that specifies
number of characters
to be extracted
Column name
Integer specifies
where the
substring begins
String value

67. Trailing spaces present
Concatenation
Concatenated
strings
Same data type
Trailing spaces present
in the name column
Expression 1
Expression 2
String concatenation
operator

68. Organizing Data Sort Data Rank Data Group Data Filter Grouped Data
Summarize Grouped Data
Use PIVOT and UNPIVOT Operators

69. Arranged in ascending order of slprice
Sorting
Lowest value
Highest value
Arranged in ascending order of slprice

70. Arranged in descending order of slprice
Sorting (Cont.)
Highest value
Lowest value
Arranged in descending order of slprice

71. The ORDER BY Clause Entered at the end of the SELECT statement
Values in the descending order
Values in the ascending order
Sorts the output in ascending order
Sorts the output in descending order
Column name
Entered at the end of the SELECT statement
Column name

72. The Ranking Functions Ranking functions Column alias name
Lists the values of quantity in the descending order
Ranking values with gaps in between them
Partitions the
rows of repid column
Ranking
functions
Column alias name

73. The RANK Function Ranking values with gaps in between them
Lists the values of quantity in the descending order
Column alias name
Partitions the
rows of repid column

74. The DENSE_RANK Function
Consecutive rank values
Lists the values of quantity in the descending order
Column alias name
Partitions the rows of repid column

75. The ROW_NUMBER Function
Sequential numbering of each row
Lists the values of quantity in the descending order
Column alias name
Partitions the rows of repid column

76. The NTILE Function
Ranks after grouping and partition
Lists the values of quantity in the descending order
Column alias name
Partitions the rows of repid column

77. Groups Input Table Records of each group Collection of records
are listed here
Collection of records
based on one or
more columns
Input Table
Output Table

78. The GROUP BY Clause
Column alias cannot be used in the GROUP BY clause
Aggregate function returns summary values for groups
Grouped based on two columns

79. The GROUP BY Clause (Cont.)
Entire list included in
the GROUP BY clause
Non-aggregate list in the SELECT clause

80. CUBE and ROLLUP Subclauses
Column values
Hierarchy of grouping sets

81. CUBE and ROLLUP Subclauses (Cont.)
Column values
Hierarchy of grouping sets

82. Column values in grouping sets

83. The HAVING Clause Aggregate function
Search condition applied for the groups
Aggregate function
HAVING clause used with the GROUP BY clause

84. The HAVING Clause (Cont.)
SELECT Statement without the
GROUP BY clause
HAVING clause behaves like the WHERE clause

85. The CUBE and ROLLUP Operators
Operator entered at the end of the GROUP BY clause
Summary column values
displayed as null
Summary rows
for each group
Output of the
GROUP BY clause
Group based on
two columns

86. The CUBE and ROLLUP Operators (Cont.)
Operator entered at the end of the GROUP BY clause
Group based on
two columns
Output of the
GROUP BY clause
Summary column values
displayed as null
Summary rows
for each group
Summary value for
all groups 86

87. The PIVOT and UNPIVOT Operators
Pivoted columns
Alias name for
the pivot table
Aggregate functions
Non pivoted columns
Column value converted into header
Summary values

88. Retrieving Data from Tables
Combine Results of Two Queries
Compare Results of Two Queries
Retrieve Data by Joining Tables
Check for Unmatched Records
Retrieve Information from a Single Table Using Joins

89. The UNION Operator Number of columns in each statement is identical
SELECT statement 2
SELECT statement 1
Keyword entered between two SELECT
statements
Number of columns in each statement is identical
Data type of both
columns is compatible
Operator used to display duplicate rows

90. Column common to both tables
Joins
Column common to both tables
Table 2
Table 1
Output

92. Keyword entered between two table names
The Cross Join
slspers
titles
Output containing every row of slspers table paired with every row of titles table
Keyword entered between two table names
Tables to be joined

93. The Inner Join Tables to be joined
Keyword entered between two table names
Condition containing the comparison operator
Tables to be joined
Records that have matching values

94. The Outer Join Column used to join tables
Keyword entered between two table names
ON clause containing the condition
Column used to join tables
Matching rows from both tables
Rows from one table
Output after joining two tables

95. Table alias names used instead of original names
The Table Alias Name
Full name of the tables
Table alias names used instead of original names
Table alias names

96. The Self-Join Table alias used in condition
Keyword entered between table names
Table alias used in condition
ON clause containing the comparison operator
Two table alias names assigned to a single table
Potential Customers
Relating data in a
table to itself

97. Presenting Query Results
Save the Query Result
Generate an XML Report

98. Reports
Retrieved from
titles table
sales table

99. The FOR Clause Column name Table name Returns results in a
Column value
Table name
Returns results in a
nested XML tree
Returns results
as XML type
Returns columns
as sub elements

100. Course Outline Using Subqueries to Perform Advanced Querying
Manipulating Table Data
Manipulating the Table Structure
Working with Views
Indexing Data
Managing Transactions

101. Using Subqueries to Perform Advanced Querying
Search Based on Unknown Values
Compare a Value with Unknown Values
Search Based on the Existence of Records
Generate Output Using Correlated Subqueries
Filter Grouped Data Within Subqueries
Perform Multiple-Level Subqueries

102. Outer Queries
Depends on the values
returned by this query
Outer query

103. returned to outer query
Subqueries
The unknown value is
returned to outer query
Subquery
Outer query
Opening parenthesis
Can return a
computed value
Closing
parenthesis
Sales

104. Search value specified
The IN Operator
Search value specified
before the IN operator
Can be column name
or constant value
Search for list of
values returned
Used in search
condition
Customers
Sales

105. Modified Comparison Operators
Function of comparison
operator changed by using ANY
Value specified
before operator
Minimum value in this
list compared
Logical operator
Always used with
comparison operator
Sales
Slspers
Output of the outer query

106. The EXISTS Operator Used in condition Values not specified
Only checks for
existence of records
Asterisk instead
of column name
Condition tested
Used in condition
of outer query
Titles
Sales
Qty > 200
EXISTS=TRUE

107. Correlated Subqueries
Always a constant value
Depends on input
from outer query
Located in the
WHERE clause
Outer query
Correlated
subquery
Executed simultaneously
for each record
targeted for display

108. Correlated Subqueries (Cont.)
Customers
Slspers
Sales
Output of the outer query

109. Process of Correlating Queries

110. to all rows of an outer table
The APPLY Operator
The APPLY operator
The WHERE condition
Enables you to apply
a table expression
to all rows of an outer table

111. Nested Subqueries Inner query level 1 Nested subquery
Output of the outer query
Nested subquery
Inner query level 1
Inner query level 2
Outer query depends on values
returned by inner queries
Number of closing parentheses
matches number of inner queries
Titles
Customers
Sales

112. Manipulating Table Data
Insert Data
Modify and Delete Data

113. into the target columns
The INSERT Statement
Target table
Target columns
Values to be inserted
into the target columns

114. Values to be inserted in corresponding columns
The OUTPUT Clause
Values to be inserted in
corresponding columns
Used with the
INSERT statement
The OUTPUT
keyword

115. Table Value Constructors
Used with the
INSERT INTO statement
Values to be inserted in
corresponding columns
Graphic has to be inserted.

116. The UPDATE Statement The UPDATE keyword Columns to be updated
New values
Condition
The SET keyword

117. The DELETE Statement
The DELETE keyword
Condition

118. The TRUNCATE TABLE Statement
The TRUNCATE keyword
Targeted table

119. The MERGE Statement Used with the MERGE INTO statement
The DELETE keyword
The INSERT keyword
The UPDATE keyword
Graphic has to be inserted.

120. CAST
Graphic has to be inserted.

121. CASE
Graphic has to be inserted.

122. Manipulating the Table Structure
Create a Table
Create a Table with Constraints
Add and Drop Table Columns
Add and Drop Constraints
Modify the Column Definition
Back Up Tables
Delete a Table

123. The CREATE TABLE Statement
Table name
Restricts storage
of null value
Size enclosed
within parentheses
Datatype and
size specified
Column names
and definitions

124. Table Design
Columns
Rows
Column header

125. Data Integrity All values are valid and can be used further qty<225
Column contains
valid data
Linked columns have
matching values
Each record
is unique

126. Constraints Qty>0 Column-level constraint Defines rules to
test column value
Domain integrity
implemented

127. Primary Keys Primary key Uniquely identifies each column
Cannot store null
or duplicate values

128. PRIMARY KEY Constraints
Constraint name
Prevents record
duplication
Creates
primary key
on this column
Table-level
constraint
Column name
chosen as primary key

129. UNIQUE Constraints Can accept null values Column-level
Implements
uniqueness in
values stored
Can accept
null values

130. Foreign Keys Foreign key Can store Primary key of duplicate values
Stores
matching
values
Links records
Primary key of
referenced table
Referenced table

131. FOREIGN KEY Constraints
Defined when
creating a table
Referenced
table name
Column-level constraint
Referenced column
Cannot be modified
once created
without being deleted
Foreign key name
Creates the
foreign key
Table-level
constraint

132. column-level constraint
DEFAULT Constraints
Specified when
creating a table
Specified only as a
column-level constraint
Specifies a default
value for a column
Value must correspond
to the datatype of
the column

133. value based on condition
CHECK Constraints
Validates column
value based on condition
Executed in the
order specified
Multiple expressions
linked
Column-level
CHECK constraint
Table-level
Logical expression

134. The ALTER TABLE Statement
Modifies table
structure
Adds a column
Modifies
column definitions
Adds a constraint
Drops a column
Drops a constraint

135. Sparse Columns Table name Sparse attribute for the ‘deptno’ column
Column definition
Code to be inserted here .

136. The SELECT INTO Statement
New table
Creates a backup of a
table’s structure and data

137. The DROP TABLE Statement
Table to be
dropped
Table referencing this table
must be dropped first
Column definitions and
constraints also dropped

138. Working with Views Create a View Manipulate Data in Views
Create Aliases
Modify and Drop Views

139. Views Source table Retrieves and displays records from
Does not store records
Retrieves and
displays records from
a large source table
Virtual table

140. The CREATE VIEW Statement
keyword
Name of the
view to be created
Optional column names
can be specified

141. Schema Binding Written after the CREATE VIEW statement
The SCHEMABINDING
keyword

142. The TOP Keyword Number of records The TOP keyword to be retrieved
Condition

143. Aliases
Table alias
Column name
Column alias
The AS keyword
Table name

144. The ALTER VIEW Statement
Target view name
Column names
Table name

145. The DROP VIEW Statement
Name of
the view

146. Indexing Data
Create Indices
Drop Indices

147. Indices Can be created on Helps in speedy data retrieval
Columns frequently used
for search to be indexed
Cannot delete the column
without deleting the index
Helps in speedy data retrieval
Can be created on
multiple columns
Query uses pointer to
identify and retrieve record
Pointers assigned
to each value of
indexed column

148. Constraint vs. Index

149. The CREATE INDEX Statement
Creates an index
Name of the index
Multiple columns
can be indexed
Columns targeted
for indexing
Name of the
targeted table
Creates a unique
non-clustered index

150. The DROP INDEX Statement
Deletes an index
Targeted table
Not created by a
clustered primary key
Index name

151. Managing Transactions
Create Transactions
Commit Transactions

152. Transactions Name of the transaction The BEGIN TRAN statement
The SAVE TRAN
Savepoint name
Transaction
Statements that belong to the
transaction and
executed as a single unit

153. The ROLLBACK TRAN Statement
Cancels changes
done by the transaction
up until the save point

154. The COMMIT TRAN Statement
Saves changes done
in a transaction