1. CHAPTER 10 Introduction to Contracts
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2. Quote of the Day
“The whole duty of government is to prevent crime and to preserve contracts.”
Lord Melbourne,
British Prime Minister

3. The Purpose of a Contract
Contracts exist to make business matters more predictable.
Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint
Judicial restraint makes the law less flexible but more predictable.
Judicial activism makes the law more flexible but less predictable.

4. Elements of a Contract Agreement Consideration Legality Capacity
One party must make a valid offer, and the other party must accept it
Consideration
There has to be bargaining that leads to an exchange between the parties.
Legality
The contract must be for a lawful purpose.
Capacity
The parties must be adults of sound mind.

5. Contracts Definition Development of Contract Law
A promise that the law will enforce.
Development of Contract Law
Common law once required all contracts to be in writing, with a seal affixed.
Later, some payment was required before a contract could be enforced.
Mutual promises became enforceable in the 1600’s.
By the 1900’s, courts began to consider the fairness of contracts before enforcing them.

6. Types of Contracts (or Agreements)
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Types of Contracts (or Agreements)
Bilateral
vs.
Unilateral
Express
vs.
Implied
Executory
vs.
Executed
Valid
vs.
Unenforceable
Voidable
Void

7. Types of Contracts (or Agreements)
Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts
Bilateral: both parties make a promise (to do something) to each other.
Unilateral: one party makes a promise to the other that the other party can accept only by doing something specific.

8. Types of Contracts (cont’d)
Express and Implied Contracts
Express: the two parties to the contract explicitly state all of the important terms of their agreement.
Implied: the words and conduct of the parties indicate that the parties intended to make an agreement.

9. Types of Contracts (cont’d)
Executory and Executed Contracts
Executory: when one or more parties has not fulfilled its obligations under the contract.
Executed: when all parties to the contract have fulfilled their obligations under the contract.

10. Types of Contracts (cont’d)
Valid, Unenforceable, Voidable, and Void Agreements
Valid: satisfies the law’s requirements.
Unenforceable: when the parties intend to form a valid bargain but some rule of law prevents enforcement.
Voidable: when the law permits one party to terminate the agreement.
Void: one that neither party can enforce, usually because the purpose is illegal or one of the parties had no legal authority.

11. Promissory Estoppel
Even when there is no contract, a plaintiff may use promissory estoppel to enforce the defendant’s promise if he can show that:
The defendant made a promise knowing that the plaintiff would likely rely on it.
The plaintiff did rely on the promise; and
The only way to avoid injustice is to enforce the promise.

12. Quasi-contract
Even when there is no contract, a court may use quasi-contract to compensate a plaintiff who can show that:
He gave some benefit to the defendant.
He reasonably expected to be paid for the benefit and the defendant knew this; and
The defendant would be unjustly enriched if she did not pay.
The damages awarded are called quantum meruit, meaning that the plaintiff gets “as much as he deserved.”

13. Sources of Contract Law
Common Law
Uniform Commercial Code
UCC Article 2 governs the sale of goods. “Goods” means anything moveable, except for money, securities, and certain legal rights.
In a mixed contract, Article 2 governs only if the primary purpose was the sale of goods.
Restatement (Second) of Contracts

14. “If you understand the contract issues that courts scrutinize, the agreement you draft is likelier to be enforced. You thus achieve greater control over your affairs -- the very purpose of a contract.”

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