1. LSE Environmental Society Roundtable
Presentation by Marisa Beck, Jan. 22, 2009
Please note: I have collected the information in this presentation to my best knowledge and based on my personal experience in Poznan and the resources listed below. However, of course, neither do I guarantee correctness nor do I claim completeness!

2. POZNAN
... so what???

3. The Essentials The Convention 1992: Rio Earth Summit
192 countries are Parties
objective: avoid dangerous climate change
Annex I: industrialized countries and economies in transition  commitment to return to 1990 levels
Prime authority of Convention: COP
Bodies: SBSTA, SBI, expert groups, UNFCCC secretary
Observers: 50+ intergovernmental agencies, 600+ NGOs

4. The Essentials The Protocol 1997: adoption in Kyoto, Japan
2005: entry into force
ratified by 184 Parties
defines binding targets for 37 industrialised countries
1st commitment period ends in 2012
3 mechanisms: emissions trading, JI, CDM
Adaptation Fund
CMP: meeting parallel to COP

5. The agenda: Paving the way to Copenhagen
COP 14: AWG LCA
efforts by emerging economies + USA
technology transfer
financing mechanism
deforestation & REDD
 to be concluded by 2009!

6. The agenda: Paving the way to Copenhagen
CMP 4: AWG KP
new targets for 2nd commitment period
2 degree limit: 25-40% reduction by 2020 in Annex I countries
main blockers: Canada, Japan, Russia, Australia
further development of CDM: sectoral, policy CDM...
to be concluded by 2009

7. The results
minimum (formal) requirements for successful negotiations in Copenhagen: mandates for negotiations in both tracks (COP & CMP)
Adaptation Fund: progress! Governance issues solved! Ready for implementation!
 BUT: No big step forward! Still lack of political will!

8. Technology Transfer & Financing
Top spot on Poznan‘s agenda – how come?
Convention Art 4.3:
„... new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in complying with their obligations ...“ (source: UN, 1992)
Convention Art 4.5:
„... to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly to developing countries ...““ (source: UN, 1992)
 review showed: insufficient implementation!

9. Technology Transfer & Financing
COP 13 Bali Action Plan:
„Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner.“ (source: UNFCCC, 2007)
NEW: clear linkage of DC actions to cooperation through MRV criteria  definition? performance indicators?

10. Technology Transfer & Financing
What are the most important issues?
massive scale-up of public funds for adaptation, mitigation necessary
large scale technology cooperation required
mechanisms to mobilize private investments in innovation, deployment and diffusion of clean technologies
heart of the debate: Industry Competitiveness!

11. Technology Transfer & Financing
What happened at COP 14?
multiple proposals by developing countries:
establishment of a new and additional funds/mechanisms/institutions under the UNFCCC
binding obligations for Annex I parties (‚polluter pays‘)
enhancement of research cooperation & joint ventures
compulsory licensing of patented technologies
 want access to technologies to boost domestic economy

12. Technology Transfer & Financing
blocked by many Annex I countries:
use existing institutions, processes & mechanisms
focus on (bilateral) voluntary agreements
improve „enabling environments“ for tech diffusion, e.g. strong IPR regimes
positive exceptions:
Norway: auctioning of AAUs
Switzerland: carbon tax
 want export to new markets, but fear low-cost competition

13. What‘s next? Critical processes in 2009: On the road to Copenhagen...
define shared vision for new agreement: establish political will!
establish strong negotiation coalitions, avoid North-South divide
leadership of new US-administration?
green bail-out investments?
On the road to Copenhagen...
parties‘ submissions by February
meetings in March/April and June in Bonn
first draft of negotiation text expected in June

14. COPENHAGEN
... we can???

15. Wanna know more??? Resources
General:
United Nations (1992): United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. See:
UNFCCC (2007): Bali Action Plan. Decision -/CP.13. See:
Poznan results: “Between Poznan and Copenhagen: The climate train in the “valley of death” by C. Bals, Germanwatch. January

16. Wanna know more??? Resources
MRVs: “Measuring the way to a new global climate agreement.” Discussion paper by the World Resource Institute. December
Technology Transfer: “Innovation and Technology Transfer” by S. Tomlinson, P. Zorlu, & C. Langley, an E3G report with contributions from the Chatham House. November

17. Wanna know more??? Resources
Financing: “Investment and financial flows to address climate change. An update.” Technical Paper by the UNFCCC. December