1. “He was not of an age, but for all time!” - Ben Jonson
The Many Tragedies of Our Old Buddy Bill: Characteristics of Shakespearean Tragedies
“He was not of an age, but for all time!” - Ben Jonson

2. ON A LINED PIECE OF PAPER
Record the questions below (answer these questions as you click through this presentation- bring your completed Questions/Answers to class on Wednesday 2/8)
1. What is 1 example of a tragic hero?
2. What type of men are commonly tragic heroes?
What is catharsis?
What is Hamartia
What is External Conflict?
What is 1 difference between a soliloquy and an aside?
What is a foil?

3. The Tragic Hero
Usually there is only one tragic hero. Examples: Hamlet Macbeth Othello King Lear Exceptions- The Love Tragedies (i.e. Romeo and Juliet)

4. The tragic heroes in Shakespeare are commonly men in power
Tragic heroes are never just peasants. You and I are peasants. We are normal everyday people. We do not inspire pity and fear like great heroes/heroines do. Plus their failure must be much greater, we have no where to fall while their fall is much greater.
Example: People in power, like princes, might feel the pains of “despised loved” just like you and I. The difference would be that when we feel that pain it cant affect a nation or a kingdom. The tragic heroes pain and failure is felt by everyone.

5. It wouldn’t be tragedy if there wasn’t a death or two or three or…..
Plot
The tragic story leads up to, and includes, the death of the hero.
The suffering and calamities that befalls the hero are unusual and exceptionally disastrous.

6. The calamity of the hero and catharsis.
The hero undergoes a sudden reversal of fortune.
This reversal arouses the emotions of pity and fear in the audience, which is called catharsis. The reversal may frighten and awe, making the audience or readers feel that he/she is the “plaything” of a higher power that may smile on the hero one moment, and the strike the prideful hero down in the next.

7. Hamartia: The Tragic Flaw
Hamartia (Greek)- In tragedy, the quality within the tragic hero/heroine which leads to his/her downfall. The fall often takes the form of an obsession.
Examples:
Macbeth’s obsession with power.
Othello’s jealousy.
King Lear gullibility and lack of judgment.

8. It wouldn’t be a Shakespearean Tragedy with out someone going insane.
Shakespeare often introduces abnormal conditions of mind such as: madness, hallucinations or manic depression.

9. Shakespearean Tragedies always have some supernatural element
Shakespeare introduces the supernatural: ghosts and witches who have supernatural knowledge. The supernatural elements cannot be explained away as an illusion in the mind of one of the characters. It does contribute to the action, but it is always placed in the closest relation with the character.

10. Conflicts
External Conflict The struggle between the main character and an outside force in a literary work such as nature or other characters.
Internal Conflict The struggle between the main character and his/herself throughout a literary work. It is usually a torment within the soul of the tragic hero.

11. The ultimate power in Shakespearean Tragedies
The ultimate power in the tragic world is a moral order – the conflict between good and evil. The entire world order is disrupted as a result of the tragedy.

12. The Cycle of Tragedy
A cycle of tragedy must be completed: Good Evil Chaos Final Conflict Hero’s Realization Death Re-assertion of good and restoration of order

13. Other specific elements in a Shakespearean Tragedy

14. Dramatic Irony
When the reader (or audience) knows something about current or future circumstances that the character or characters do not know.

15. Soliloquy
A monologue spoken by an actor at a point in the play when the character believes himself to be alone. The technique frequently reveals a character's innermost thoughts, including his feelings, state of mind, motives or intentions. The soliloquy often provides necessary but otherwise inaccessible information to the audience. The dramatic convention is that whatever a character says in a soliloquy to the audience must be true, or at least true in the eyes of the character speaking (i.e., the character may tell lies to mislead other characters in the play, but whatever he states in a soliloquy is a true reflection of what the speaker believes or feels).

16. Aside
In drama, a few words or a short passage spoken by one character to the audience while the other actors on stage pretend their characters cannot hear the speaker's words. It is a theatrical convention that the aside is not audible to other characters on stage. Contrast with soliloquy. The aside is usually indicated by stage directions.

17. Foils
A character that serves by contrast to highlight or emphasize opposing traits in another character. For instance, in the film Clerks, the character Silent Bob is a foil for his partner, Jay, who is loquacious and foul-mouthed.

18. Comic Relief
A humorous scene, incident, character, or bit of dialogue occurring after some serious or tragic moment. Comic relief is deliberately designed to relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously heighten and highlight the seriousness or tragedy of the action. Macbeth contains Shakespeare's most famous example of comic relief in the form of a drunken porter.