1. The Science of Naming and Classifying Organisms
Taxonomy
The Science of Naming and Classifying Organisms

3. Classification the grouping of information or objects based on
Taxonomy is the science of grouping
and naming organisms.
Classification the grouping of
information or objects based on
similarities.

4. Aristotle: The 1st to try to classify organisms Basic categories: Plant Animal

5. Carolus Linnaeus Taxonomic System
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name:
Genus species
2-name system based on Latin

6. Binomial Nomenclature
Latin
Scientific name
Genus
Species
Homo sapien
Why do we need a scientific name?

7. Devil Cat

8. Ghost Cat

9. Mountain Lion

10. Screaming Cat

11. Puma

12. Florida Panther

13. Cougar

14. Soooo……why use a scientific name?
There are at least 50 common names for
the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
Common names vary according to region.
Soooo……why use a scientific name?
It is so that all scientists around the world have a standard language to communicate with regardless of region and common names.

15. Binomial Nomenclature
   
A two name system for writing scientific names.
The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).    
The species name is written second (never capitalized).    
Both words are
italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.
Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor
Which is the genus? The species?

16. • Domain Archaea The Three Domains Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
- Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya
Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made
up of eukaryotic cells
– Protista
– Fungi
– Animalia
– Plantae

17. Categories within Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla
Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera
Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
Categories within Kingdoms

19. Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria
Both are unicellular
Both are prokaryotic
Both can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs
Both reproduce asexually through binary fission

20. Plants:
Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Sexual rep.
Fungus:
Eukaryotic Uni/Multicellular Heterotrophic A/sexual rep
Animals:
Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Sexual rep.
Protists:
Eukaryotic Uni/Multicellular Auto/heterotrophic A/sexual rep.

21. Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an organism
A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms.
                        

22. Can you identify the 5 kingdoms?

23. Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence:
    Fossil record
    Morphology
Homologous structures
    Embryological patterns of development
    Chromosomes and DNA

24. Fossil

25. Morphology

26. Homologous
Structures

27. Embryology

28. DNA

29. A phylogenetic tree based on a cladogram.
Cladistics - uses shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships.
A derived character is a feature that evolved only within the group that evolved from a common ancestor.

31. Chart of Derived Traits
Cladogram

32. Construct a Derived Traits Chart from this Cladogram

33. Divergence & Convergence
Homologous vs. Analogous
Characteristics

34. Divergence = Speciation
1. Live together
2. Common Ancestor
3. Reproductively isolated
4. Exposed to different environments
5. Different adaptations
6. Accumulate differences
7. Diverge into new species

35. Once upon a time, there was a population of squirrels living together.

36. Population = Same Species
Population: a group of organisms of all the same species
Can reproduce together to make fertile offspring.

37. Suddenly there was a flood and a river formed in the middle of their home.

38. Reproductive Isolation
The river = geographic barrier
Organisms are separated from each other
Separated organisms cannot mate with each other.

39. The separated squirrels were exposed to different environments

40. They adapted differently to their different environments
These two environments presented different environmental challenges for the squirrels.
They adapted differently to their different environments
Over time, the accumulation of many differences led the squirrels to diverge into separate species

42. Divergence = Speciation
One species separates into two
Common Ancestor
Time
Dog
Wolf
Dolf
Tiger
Lion
Liger
Donkey
Horse
Mule
Monkey
Man
Nothing,
thank goodness!

43. DOLF
Recent common ancestor; still fertile

44. Liger
Common ancestor farther in past; limited fertility (hybrid breakdown)

45. Mule is infertile; distant common ancestor

46. modifies
homologous
structures
Adaptive Radiation -
Modifies homologous structures

47. Homologous structures are found in organisms that have a common ancestor (DIVERGENCE)

48. Organisms are NOT related
Convergent Evolution
Organisms are NOT related
No common ancestor
BUT
Similar environments =
Similar adaptations

49. Convergent Evolution
These animals have evolved similar adaptations
for obtaining food because they occupy similar
niches.

50. Analogous Structures Birds and insects are NOT related
Both have wings = analogous structures

51. Analogous Structures -
Convergent evolution leads to……….
Analogous Structures  - 
Traits that are morphologically and
functionally similar even though there
is no common ancestor.

53. The Dichotomous Key
A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism.
The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

55. 1.  
A. one pair of wings
B. Two pairs of wings