1. British Imperialism in India

2. Before Colonization: The Mughal Empire
In the Mughal Empire ( ), Muslims were favored over the majority Hindus. Decline of the Mughals began with religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus and resulted in infighting and a divided empire.
Muslims were the majority in the Northwest (modern Pakistan) and Northeast (modern Bangladesh). Many cities and some villages were mixed.

3. They were annoyed with Europeans but viewed them as harmless
India—Mughal Empire
1600s—Portuguese control trade in Goa
1661—British East India Co. controlled trade in Bombay
1691—British establish port of Calcutta
They were annoyed with Europeans but viewed them as harmless

4. British Imperialism “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”
Britain had established colonies all around the world
India was one of their most important
Called the “jewel of the crown”

5. Jewel in the Crown India was a major supplier of raw materials
Indians must buy finished goods from Britain
Indians must produce raw materials for Britain
Jewel in the Crown
Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute, opium

6. British East India Company
Established to control trade between India and Britain (1600)
Company established trading rights in India during the Mughal Empire

7. British East India Company
Mughal Empire was in decline
Early 1700’s
States began to break away from Mughal rule
East India Company gained control of large parts of India

8. British East India Company
Company ran India without interference from Britain
Established its own army
Led by British officers
Used Indian soldiers known as Sepoys

9. British East India Company
British tried to force changes on India
Brought western education
Tried to end caste system
Banned Hindu custom of sati
Practice of Hindu widows throwing themselves on husbands funeral pyre
Christian missionaries tried to spread religion
Indians saw this as an attack on Hinduism and their culture

10. Sepoy Mutiny
British officers angered Sepoys by demanding they follow rules that go against their religious beliefs (1857)
Were required to bite off bullet cartridges covered in pork and beef fat
Cows sacred to Hindus
Muslims not allowed to eat pork

11. Sepoy Mutiny British punished Sepoys who refused to load rifles
Hindus and Muslims revolted against the British in 1857
Both sides committed atrocities against each other
British crushed the rebellion in 1858

12. Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857

13. British Response to the Mutiny
British forces sent to reclaim India
Bring ‘divine justice’ to “black-faced, blood-crazed savages”
The Times of London: “Execute every mutineer”

14. “The Devil’s Wind” (British Retaliation)
Whole villages hanged for ‘sympathizing’
Blown to bits to deny entry to paradise
‘divine justice’ – “God is on our side”

18. Impact of the Sepoy Mutiny
Led to feelings of distrust between Indians and British
British gov’t rules India directly
Britain ended the rule of the British East India Company
Atrocities committed by both sides
Impact of the Sepoy Mutiny

19. The British Raj
Raj refers to the period of British direct rule in India
Indian Civil Service
Government agency that carried the British administration of India

20. India—British Parliament
1858 British parliament took control of India from the East India Company
Mughal rulers were sent into exile
1877—Queen Victoria—Empress of India
Upper caste learned English, Christianity spread, and RRs and canals were built

21. British Government Takes Over
After the Sepoy Rebellion  British government takes control
Viceroy or governor set up
India becomes main source of cotton for English textile mills
Finished goods were re-sold in India
Destroyed local hand-made clothes

23. Positives of British Rule Negatives of British Rule
New roads and Railroads link India
Telegraph and Postal systems unite people in India
Irrigation systems improve farming
New laws mean justice for all people
Exposure to western education
Customs that threatened Human rights ended
Indian resources are removed from India and sent to Britain
Indians forced to buy British made goods instead of local made products
Farms grow cash crops rather than food crops
Indians are treated as inferior
British try to replace Indian culture with western culture

24. Victoria Station, Bombay

25. Chartered Bank of Calcutta, 1915

26. What did the British get?
Control over raw materials, especially cotton, to ports for shipment to England
To bring manufactured goods from England for sale in an expanding Indian market
Insanely rich
Spread of British language, customs, and religion
Theft of many artworks and cultural treasures – sculpture, paintings and other Indian artifacts - which can be seen in many British museums today
The chance for any Englishman with half a brain to come to India, make a name for himself, get rich, and have a position of power and respect

27. Kicking India around
Kicking India around

28. What was negative for the British?
Paid for infrastructure (roads, telephone, railroads, etc.) and development
Paid for education
Money spent on military and government in India
Needed a large military presence to maintain control
Created the class of educated Indians (the INC) who would force the British to leave India in 1947—less than a century after the beginning of Direct Rule

29. Indian Nationalism
The British rule of India during the Raj contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism
Desire for self rule among Indians

30. Rise of Nationalism in India
Indians felt they were treated as 2nd class citizens
Barred from top jobs in Indian Civil Service
Rise of Nationalism in India
Paid less than British workers
Wanted more of a say in government

31. Indian Nationalism Ram Mohun Roy
Believed Indians had to change in order to be free from western control
Change some traditional practices
Sati, rigid caste structure, arranged marriages
Called for India to modernize and westernize
writings contributed to growth of nationalism
Rom Moo han roy

32. Indian National Congress
Growth of Indian Nationalism
Hindu
Indian National Congress
(1885)
Became leaders of Indian Independence
Desire for Self Rule
Muslim League
(1906)
Muslim

33. Indian Nationalism The Indian National Congress (1885)
Primarily made up of Hindus
Pushed for self rule
Boycotted British goods to protest division of Bengal by religion
Swadeshi boycott
Wore only traditional Indian clothing

34. Indian Nationalism The Muslim League
Formed to protect the interest of Muslims in India
Called for self rule

35. Partition!